lecture 5 - powders and granules

Question 1

true or false

powders may be for internal OR external use

Answer 1

true

Question 2

oral powders are for __ use

Answer 2

internal

Question 3

what is the BUD of powder dosage forms and why

Answer 3

180 days - DO NOT CONTAIN WATER

Question 4

Define powders and then define powder dosage form

Answer 4

powder - mixture of dry, finely, divided solids/chemicals intended for internal or external use

powder DOSAGE FORM - drug is mixed with other powdered EXCIPIENTS to produce the final product

Question 5

explain how a powder can be used internally

Answer 5

mixing with water and drink

Question 6

name 2 local effects of powders and 1 systemic effect

Answer 6

as antacid or as laxatives

systemic - analgesic

Question 7

powders can be _____ for local and/or systemic effects

Answer 7

inhaled

Question 8

a vaginal douche is considered a _______ application of powder

Answer 8

external

Question 9

**true or false

powders disperse and dissolve slower than tablets and capsules, which is a disadvantage

Answer 9

FALSE - faster, which is an advantage

Question 10

** which are more stable - powders or suspensions

Answer 10

powders – advantage

powders more stable than all liquid dosage forms – solutions/suspensions/emulsions

Question 11

true or false**

a disadvantage of powders is that they are not suitable for substances that absorb moisture from the air (hygroscopic)

Answer 11

TRUE

they will dampen and become like a paste

Question 12

true or false****

powders are suitable for substances unstable in GI fluids, or substances that cause damage to the stomach

Answer 12

FALSE – not suitable for this. this is a disadvantage

all of the powder will be exposed - no coating like in a tablet

Question 13

**true or false

an advantage of powders is that they can be developed into many different dosage forms

Answer 13

TRUE

they are like an intermediate dosage form.

they can be turned into tablets or capsules, or just be given to the patient and they add it to water to turn into a solution

Question 14

TRUE OR FASLE**

a disadvantage of powders is that they cannot be applied into body cavities

Answer 14

FALSE - they can

ie - rectal, intranasal

Question 15

true or false**
an advantage of powders is that they can be used in special populations like pediatrics and geriatrics

Answer 15

TRUE

if they can’t swallow pills

Question 16

** which are more stable - solid or liquid

Answer 16

SOLID

that’s why powder more stable than solution/suspension/emulsion

Question 17

TRUE OR FALSE*

powders do not have a rapid onset of action

Answer 17

false - they do
this is an advantage

Question 18

TRUE OR FALSE*

an advantage of powders is that they can mask the bad taste or odor of a drug

Answer 18

FALSE - they can’t

no coating or anything

Question 19

• a disadvantage of powders is that ____ are less convenient to carry than _____

Answer 19

bulk powders are less convenient to carry that unidose things like capsules and tablets

Question 20

can the dose of powders be easily varied and customized**

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

______ do not provide a very accurate dosage form which is a disadvantage

Answer 21

divided powders

less accurate than capsules and tabs

Question 22

how is it possible that powders disperse and dissolve faster than tablets and capsules

Answer 22

tablets/capsules 1st need to DISINTEGRATE, and then dissolve to be available for absorption

however, powders just have to dissolve and not disintegrate

Question 23

powders are formulated as ___ ___

Answer 23

fine particles

Question 24

***** which have better compressibility into tablets - granules or powders and why

Answer 24

GRANULES – already have binders

Question 25

*** which have better flow - granules or powders - and why

Answer 25

GRANULES granules have smaller surface area because powders have such a high surface area, there is more interaction between the powder and work surface -- more sticks

Question 26

what is a particle size consideration for topical powders

Answer 26

non-gritty - want it to be smooth on the skin

Question 27

what is a particle size consideration for internal powders

Answer 27

want smaller particle size bc better dissolution

Question 28

true or false we want powders to NOT BE CONSISTENTLY ONE SHAPE/SIZE

Answer 28

true want a distribution of size and shape, but a NARROW distribution

Question 29

dp powders or granules have faster dissolution

Answer 29

powders

Question 30

**********the sieve # on a sieve indicates what explain

Answer 30

the number of openings per inch therefore, a very high sieve number means the holes are SMALLER than a very low sieze number

Question 31

name the 5 USP qualitative grouping according to particle size

Answer 31

very coarse coarse moderately coarse fine very fine

Question 32

***true or false a #40 sieve has smaller openings than a #60 sieve

Answer 32

FALSE - larger opening

Question 33

* which has smaller size particles: "all particles pass through a #40 sieve and not more than 40% pass through a #80 sieve" "all particles pass through a #20 sieve and not more than 40% pass through a #60 sieve"

Answer 33

scenario 1 has smaller particle size

Question 34

name 3 reasons particle size of powders is important

Answer 34

easier to mix - similar particle sizes dispersability - smaller is easier pharmaceutical elegance

Question 35

true or false powders with SIMILAR particle size tend to mix more homogeneously than powders with varying diameters

Answer 35

true bc different sizes will segregate during transportation

Question 36

****** which is more stable and which has better water solubility crystal powders or amorphous powders

Answer 36

crystalline is more stable amorphous has better water solubility

Question 37

metastable vs stable forms: which has higher solubility and higher dissolution rates?

Answer 37

metastable

Question 38

which has better flow - round or square shape or needle shape

Answer 38

round

Question 39

TRUE OR FALSE very fine particles flow freely

Answer 39

FALSE - too much surface area - easier to stick

Question 40

particle flow is a major issue with........

Answer 40

LARGE SCALE manufacturing

Question 41

uneven flow can result in what and why is this a concern?

Answer 41

may trap air pockets between the powder particles this will affect the volume of capsules and particle packing will not be uniform - tablet weight uniformity compromised

Question 42

angle of repose is related to the _____ of a powder

Answer 42

FLOW

Question 43

*********which has better flow powder A with angle of repose 44 powder B with angle of respose 45

Answer 43

powder A low angle of repose = good flowability

Question 44

the angle of repose is the angle between what 2 things

Answer 44

the mountain of powder and the work surface

Question 45

true or false if a powder is cohesive, the angle of repose will be high

Answer 45

TRUE

Question 46

true or false a high angle of repose means bad flow

Answer 46

true

Question 47

what is trituration

Answer 47

grinding substances in mortar and pestle to mix them intimately -- type of particle size reduction. most typical

Question 48

name 2 purposes of trituration

Answer 48

blend the powders reduce the particle size of the powders

Question 49

name the 3 different types of mortar and pestle

Answer 49

wedgewood porcelain glass

Question 50

what drugs can NOT be used in a wedgewood mortar and why

Answer 50

potent drugs or colored drugs** this is bc wedgewood has a lot of pores - will stain or lose some dru

Question 51

when IS a wedgewood mortar suitable?**

Answer 51

for reducing the particle size of a HARD CRYSTALLINE SOLID --- has a very rough surface

Question 52

which type of mortar and pestle requires a lot of care when washing and why

Answer 52

wedgewood bc drug particles may be trapped in porous surface

Question 53

which is more porous - wedgewood or porcelain mortar and pestle

Answer 53

wedgewood porcealin is glazed and thus less poroud

Question 54

does porcelain have a rough surface?

Answer 54

yes!! - similar to wedgewood, just less porous*

Question 55

*** which mortar and pestle should be used for a potent drug and has a coloring agent

Answer 55

GLASS has a smooth and non-porous surface

Question 56

TRUE OR FALSE glass mortar and pestle is NOT efficent in grinding a hard crystalline solid

Answer 56

TRUE surface is too smooth

Question 57

wet preparaitons like suspensions/solutions/ointents should be triturated in which mortar and pestle

Answer 57

glass

Question 58

**true or false spatulation is NOT an efficient method of particle size reduction

Answer 58

TRUE

Question 59

*** for which substances should metal spatulas not be used and why

Answer 59

substances that react with metal -- PHENOL, IODINE, AND ACIDIC DRUGS (ASA, salicylic acid) can damage the spatula and cause decomposition of the substance itself

Question 60

for drugs that react with metal, what spatula should be used instead?

Answer 60

hard-rubber spatulas or teflon-coated stainless steel

Question 61

as mentioned, spatulation is not an efficient method of reducing particle size this is ESPECIALLY true when.....

Answer 61

the powder consists of hard particles

Question 62

what is spatula suitable for? large or small quantities?

Answer 62

blending of powders of SMALL QUANTITIES when the mortar and pestle technique is not desired not suitable for large quantities, OR for very potent drugs because it may not be homogeneously blended

Question 63

true or false trituration is an effective method to both blend and to reduce particle size

Answer 63

true