lecture 5 social influence

Question 1

define social influence

allport 1954

Answer 1

effortfull manipulation and change of attitude/beliefs and values due to the actual or implied presence of others

Question 2

define conformity

Answer 2

change in behaviour/attitude/values due to real or imagined pressure from others/members of group
based on the subjective validity of social norms
ie descriptive - what people do, or injunctive - what should be done

Question 3

define compliance

Answer 3

change in response to implied or explicit request

- difficult to know when compliant beh reflects internalisation

Question 4

define coercive compliance

Answer 4

superficial public and transitory change in behaviour and expressed attitude that is not internalized

Question 5

define obedience

Answer 5

change in response to order from percieved authority figure

Question 6

define norms

Answer 6

explicit or implicit rules that define a group membership and regulates the behaviour of its members

can be descriptive ie what most do
or injunctive ie what must be done

Question 7

deutsch and gerard informational influence

Answer 7

ambiguous situation - unsure of how to respond then look to others based on the belief that others are better informed and will know how to act appropriately

Question 8

deutsch and gerard normative influence

Answer 8

conform so as to avoid punishment or to receive rewards - even if dont believe correct to conform

Question 9

asch 1956 normative influence study

Answer 9

conformity reflects a rational process of constructing a norm from others beh
given visual perception test - which line is longer A B or C
75% give incorrect answer at least once when confederate also give wrong answer - knew correct but purposefully gave wrong (norm)
33% average conformity and expected to be higher amongst salient groups

Question 10

asch 1956 when do people conform

Answer 10

group size
unamity
individual diferences

Question 11

sex/gender influence on conformity

eagly 1978

Answer 11

often use tasks unfamiliar to woman so more likely to conform ie woman dont know how to do the task and therefore follow mens lead and conform more - occurs vise versa in men

Question 12

cultural norms on conformity

bond and smith 1996

Answer 12

meta of asch paradigm across countries
collectivist countries ie norway have high score on hofstede (1980) collectivism scale than individualist countries ie france
USA - decline since 50s

Question 13

what determines perception of an authority figure

Answer 13

coercive - can punish or remove good
reward - provide good or take away bad
expert - provide knowledge not widely available
legitimate - influencial social role
referent - want to identify/be like

Question 14

reducing obedience

Answer 14

milgram exp
- increase distance from authority
-increase no of disobredient peers
visualise learner in pain

Question 15

minority influence

moscovici 1980

Answer 15

social psych conformity bias - focus on minority conformity to majority
majority influence exerts compliance - publically accept but not private in motivation to not appear deviant
a viewpoint that is consistent overtime can lead to conversion towards the attitude, that is more cognitive and privately accepted - rigid

Question 16

types of social influence

Answer 16

conformity
compliance
obedience

Question 17

deutsch and gerard rational normative influence

Answer 17

dual process dependency
influenced by others because they are dependent on them for info to remove ambiguity or for approval/acceptance
but also for ‘group belongingness’ - pressure to conform to group when define self as member

Question 18

asch 1956 reasons for conformity

Answer 18

experience initial uncertainty and self doub
evolve to self consciousness- fear of disaproval, anxiety and lonliness
most respond because did not want to stand out

Question 19

asch group size and conformity

Answer 19

low conformity when 1-2 confederates but high when 3-5 and plateau if larger
size may alter dependent on the judgement and motivation of the individual - when no objective right answer then more likely to want to fit in and conform

Question 20

group unanimity and conformity

allen 1975

Answer 20

when majority unanimous - conformity 33%
BUT sig reduce when not unanimous
1 member of majority agree with naive participant then conformity reduce to 5.5%

Question 21

individual differences in conformity

Answer 21

personality attributes:
low self esteem
need social approval
need self control
low IQ
high anxiety 
self blame 
insecure, feel inferior

Question 22

sistrunk and mcdavid 1971 gender and conformity

Answer 22

m+f exposed to group pressure in identification of various stimuli
traditionally masculine, feminine or neutral
woman more conformity in masculine and men more conformity in feminine - equal when neutral
BUT - women conform more in interactive public situations (maintain group harmony?) and men more resistant in public (need for dominance/independence?)

Question 23

collectivist vs individualist countries in conformity

markus and kitayama 1991

Answer 23

conformity increase in collectivity
viewed more favourably as seen as way to bring pepole together
desire for independence viewed as unnatural and immature (markus and kitayama 1991)
individualists view unique as positive
conformity still high in individualist- find difficult to resist group pressure

Question 24

kim and markes

collectivist vs individualist in conformity

Answer 24

chose a pen from a st of colours
americans chose colour that stands out
asian aversive to deviant pen

Question 25

problem with looking at cultures on conformity

Answer 25

individualists conform and collectivists deviate actions that people enagage in are reproductions of small parts of culture of which they share with the massess BUT culutres are constantly changing

Question 26

define social roles

Answer 26

pattern of beh expected in certain positions within society | expectations within your occupation

Question 27

abu graib social role conformity

Answer 27

iraqi prisoners tortured, isolated, deprived of sleep, and exposed to sexual and cultural humiliation - in group vs outgroup dehumanisation "bad apples amongst good soldiers" or "good apples in a soured barrell?"

Question 28

zimbardo 1971 stanford prison experiement | conformity to social roles

Answer 28

see how readily people conform to social role of guard and prisoner in role play simulation mock prison in uni basement - 10 prisoners and 11 guards prisoners blindfolded, stripped of possesions, given only no guards in identical uniforms, wore sunglassess (remove eyecontact) within hours - harass prisoners, increase agg, increase prisoner submission and greater demands for obedience once removes after 36 hours and overall terminated after 6 days

Question 29

implications of zimbardo prison experiment

Answer 29

people readily conform to social expectations thought to be dependent on 2 processess deindividuation and learned helplessness

Question 30

define deindividuation

Answer 30

immersion in social role that lose sense of identity and personal responsibility

Question 31

define learned helplessness

Answer 31

submission- learn actions have little impact on consequent so stop fighting back

Question 32

sources of power in obedience

Answer 32

``` coercive reward expert legitimate referent ```

Question 33

define coercive power in obedience

Answer 33

authority has power to remove positive or punish

Question 34

define reward power in obedience

Answer 34

authority has power to provide pos or remove neg

Question 35

define expert power in obedience

Answer 35

authority has knowledge not widely available

Question 36

define legitimate power in obedience

Answer 36

authority due to social norms

Question 37

define referent power in obedience

Answer 37

idenify with autority figure

Question 38

nazis and obedience

Answer 38

eichmann nazi official responsible for hitler final solution - slaughter of 6m ews argued that did because ordered to but hard to know if had internalised nazi beliefs

Question 39

milgram 1963 obedience study

Answer 39

18 experiments pps teacher (read list of paired words) and confederate learner (recall word pairings) if learner wrong then teacher told to shock, increasing voltage each time 100% gave high and over 60% up to 450v *fatal

Question 40

milgram 1963 culture and obedience

Answer 40

90% spain and netherlands BUT 40-16% in aus

Question 41

obedience and sunk costs + natural setting | meeus and raajmakers 1986

Answer 41

administrative obedience in interview setting - interviewer told to harradd interviewee sunk costs - harrass because commit to course of action and find difficult to change despite dramatic increase in costs

Question 42

milgram 1963 immediacy of the learner

Answer 42

65% obey when learner unseen and unheard except for wall pounding 100% when no feedback decrease to 40% when in room and 30% when hold hand - STILL HIGH - dehumanisation

Question 43

milgram 1963 immediacy of the authority figure

Answer 43

decrease to 20.5% when out of room via telephone | 2.5% when no orders given

Question 44

bushman 1984 legitimacy of the authority figure on obedience

Answer 44

confederate in uniform, neat attire or shabby clothing 70% obey uniform 50% obey neat sig lower for shabby - if obey latter two then say being altruistic

Question 45

milgram blind obedience

Answer 45

people have a tendency to obey without thinking about what they are being asked to do and the consequences of their actions

Question 46

milgram 1963 group pressure and obedience

Answer 46

no peers = 62.5% 2 obedient peers - 92.5% 2 disobedient peers = 10%

Question 47

majority vs minority conformity

Answer 47

minorities viewed as smaller and less legitimate power and worthy of less serious consideration

Question 48

asch 1952 minority vs majority

Answer 48

1 confederate deviant amongst majority = ridiculed by pps | increase no of minority then decrease ridicule/take more seriously but majority still dont change answer

Question 49

minority social influence

Answer 49

most influential when maintain consistent view over tiem | most influential when active, organised and innovative

Question 50

minority influence | moscovichi 1980

Answer 50

social adapation is gained via minority confomity conversion to minority via informational influence - leads to a cognitive change in attitude/belief/behaviour greater support when people want to deviate and gains in no.