SPRING aggression

Question 1

what is aggression

Answer 1

intentional behaviour with the goal of harming another (physically/psychologically)

Question 2

what is hostile aggression

Answer 2

stem from feelings of anger
aim to inflict injury or pain
impulsiev and thoughtless
ie retaliating to provocation

Question 3

what is instrumental aggression

Answer 3

premediated means of reaching a specific goal
means to an end
not intend to harm
ie shoving someone who has football

Question 4

freud psychoanalytic view of aggression (genetic)

Answer 4

aggression is an innate personality characteristic
motivated by secual drive ie oedipus and electra
conflict between eros (life) and thantos (death) energies - displace negative energy onto others to prevent self destruction via mental illness

Question 5

evolutionary perspective

Answer 5

evolved both aggressive tendencies and inhibitory mechanisms - recog appropriate context for certain behaviours
suggest necessary for males express dominance to protect group, perpetuate genes, establish paternity
testosterone link with aggression
females- relational aggression, damage socially

Question 6

bandura et al SLT and aggression

Answer 6

inborn tendency to respond to provocative situations BUT depends on interplay between learnt inhibitory resonses and the social situation
learnt in social situations when observe behaviour and reward/punishment - likely to perform to recieve the same reward(internal/external)
determine what we deem acceptable in response

Question 7

culture and aggression

Answer 7

cultural rules can restrict or govern aggressive behaviours

ie societies accept and ustify acts of aggression in response to threst to honout

Question 8

vandello et al 2009 culture and agg

Answer 8

chile (honour and agg) and canada
listen to couples argument where either express jealousy or not
chile increase in acceptability of violence if jealous but not canada
- cultural values determine appropriateness of responses

Question 9

dewall et al 2007 provocation and agg

Answer 9

feedback following interview - provoke (neg) or non provoke (pos)
give eva of feedback persoin
- provoke more likelt to give neg feedback

Question 10

frustration and agg

Answer 10

agg provoked by frustration of not achieving an expected goal or gratification
may displace agg to other object or withdraw

Question 11

berkowitz and le page 1967 weapons effect

Answer 11

purposely anger students by insult
some in room with gun some with badmington racket
opportunity to administer electric shocks
gun pps administer stronger and longer shocks than badmingon
- prime?

Question 12

agg and discomfort

Answer 12

heat, pain and unpleasant smells increases violent crimes
- because more likely to go outside? - more social interaction
BUT domestic crime also goes up??

Question 13

general model of agression (Anderson and bushman 2002)

Answer 13

input vairable - situational factors/personal factors - current interna state - affect/cognition/arousal - appraisal and decision process - thoughtful/impulsive action

Question 14

general model of agression (Anderson and bushman 2002) situational factor

Answer 14

ie frustration or provocation
exposed to agg models/cues
discomofrt or neg affect

Question 15

general model of agression (Anderson and bushman 2002) personal factors

Answer 15

neg affect
irritability
agg beliefs
pro agg alues

Question 16

general model of agression (Anderson and bushman 2002) affect

Answer 16

mood influence
ie nega ffect due to discomfort
incresae hostility and express in motor ie facial expressions

Question 17

arousal and aggression

Answer 17

not considered a part of affect - enhance tendency to behave aggressively but nothing to do with cause of anger or frustration
ie heightened arousal due to external factor increase frustration - may attribute to original external factor or current problem
original external reduce agg and current increase agg

Question 18

violdent video games and agg

Answer 18

link to povery, iq and agg
repeat exposure - desensitised, less empathetic and more aggressive
learn agg responses

Question 19

alcohol and agg

Answer 19

alcohol is a social lubircant that lowers inhibitions, reduces anxiety an cautiousness - more ag in response to provocation
disinhibition - depleted self control, and a bias and narrowed perception of the situation

Question 20

how might agg be controlled

Answer 20

improve communication - express non judgementally without ridicule etc
enhance empathy
catharsis? - thought to raise oppose to subdue
awareness of state BUT goal fulfillment
indirect expression ie write letter

Question 21

what is anger rumination

Answer 21

spontaneously reflect on situation by removing from a self immersive perspective which perpetuates feelings of anger

Question 22

weiner et al 1982 controlling agg

Answer 22

apologising to someone else if they are behaving agg
humour which is incompatible with agg
conditioning ie punish
train to prevent by focus on communication and empathy

Question 23

lorenz hydraulic model of motivation - origins of aggression (genetic)

Answer 23

aggresstion is an instinctual behaviour that serves to benefit species for survival
aggressive/neg energy accumulates and if cannot be directly released then implement on a sub/unrelated object

Question 24

what is catharsis

Answer 24

performing an aggressive act that releases built up aggressive energy and is therefore thought to reduce the likelihood of further agressive behaviour

Question 25

DiLalla 2002 inheritance of aggression

Answer 25

review agg genetic studies - parent child influence is bimodal parent responds to child which is partly determined by childs phenotype - child shapes own environment based on genetics BUT the way the parent responds is determined by their phenotype also - context and parent just as likely to have an influence

Question 26

Ge et al 1996 inheritance of agg (adopt)

Answer 26

adopted childrens antisocial behaviour predicted by bio parents psychiatric disorders + adopted parents discipline practices predicted based on childrens behaviours

Question 27

Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1963 inheritance of agg (rats)

Answer 27

rats use same patterns of threat and attack as rats that are raised socially innate means of agg behaviour in reaction to certain stimuli

Question 28

rowe and osgood 1984 inheritance of agg (twin)

Answer 28

sequences of delinquency traceable to individual differences in genes twin study agga nd delinguency = 70% heritability BUT sig contribution of the shared environment

Question 29

problem with studies investigating the inheritance of aggressive tendencies

Answer 29

doesnt identify difference between aggressive behaviours and others (ie delinquency - rowe and osgood) reliance on self report - bias in report, + twin - genetic tendency to respond in the same way? Adopt - agg tendencies may also be influenced by the parents behaviour - BIMODAL Rats - humans better because RANGE of influences and not likely to be as influenced by genetics than other animals

Question 30

wrongham, wilson and miller 2006 aggression across species

Answer 30

chimps share 98% genetics with humans | only non human species that hunts and kills other members of own kind at same rate as humans

Question 31

dewaal 1996 aggression across species

Answer 31

bonobos share 98% genetics with humans 'make love not war' species just as likely to have involved a strong inhibitory mechanism that supressess aggressive responses when necessary bonobos have sex to diffuse potential conflict female dominated

Question 32

Deaux and la france 1998 evolutionary perspective of agg - boys

Answer 32

boys more physically agg in non playful manner than girls | more likely to hit/push etc

Question 33

daly and wilson 1988 evolutionary perspective of agg - age

Answer 33

male aggression increases between 15 and 18 y/o - prime reproductive years males more likely 'all or none' in terms of offspring so fight for females as have more to lose females less likely to not be able to have any offspring

Question 34

define relational agg

Answer 34

indirect agg behaviour harms others by damaging social relations ie verbal harrassment, rumour spreading

Question 35

campbell 1995 relational agg

Answer 35

females lower fitness variance and likely to produce at least 1 offspring physical agg not necessary compete with other females for high quality males so reproduce healthier and successful offspring

Question 36

borkqvist 1994 relational agg

Answer 36

women indirect means of agg as physically weaker than men

Question 37

straus gelles and steinmentz 1974 evidence of male physical agg > female in real life

Answer 37

no sex diff in aount of violence between husband and wives in north america BT more physical injury as a result of male violence (reportedly)

Question 38

problems with gender aggression studies

Answer 38

culture - males meant to be viewed as more powerful and strong less reports of female physcial aggression as dont want to appear weak/vunerable

Question 39

how might testosterone play a role in agg

Answer 39

testosterone is an androgen thought to play a role in the development of stereotypically masculine characteristics causes the prnatal development of testes absence/oestrogen strimulates the dev of ovaries

Question 40

albert et al 1986 testosterone and agg

Answer 40

removal of testosterone in mats via castration sig decline in agg behaviour when reintroduces- raise agg similar to levels of those castrated but injected with testosterone

Question 41

bjorkqvist 1994 problem with looking at hormones on agg behaviour

Answer 41

social and cognitive mechanisms are likely to play a much greater role in the performance of agg acts in humans

Question 42

SLT and social intelligence argument (bjorkqvist et al 1992)

Answer 42

indirect agg increase in girls around 11 direct agg decrese in boys in late adolesence overall more verbal and indirect thought to relate to developing a social intelligence where recognise how to inhibit response and behave appropriately

Question 43

bergegron and schneider 2005 culture and agg SLT

Answer 43

co op collectivitst values have lower levels of agg than european cultures

Question 44

brown osteman and barnes 1009 culture of honour SLT

Answer 44

students in culture of honour more likely to experience school masacre than other states - twice as many shootings per capita

Question 45

cohen et al 1996 culture of honour SLT

Answer 45

southern and northern students at the uni of mischigan 'accidentaly' bumped into then insulted southern increase in thinking that rep threatened and more upset (increase in cortisol levels) and more primef to respond agg

Question 46

bandura ross and ross 1961 agg SLT

Answer 46

observe agg role model at bobo doll more likely to imitate agg acts if observe agg model than if not more likely when model is the same gender beyond imitation - improvised behaviours - permits a variety of agg

Question 47

bandura ross and ross 1961 what might same gender role models suggest

Answer 47

there may be genetic differences between genders either as a results of purely genetics or hormones etc that may cause certain genders to respond in diff ways plus - similarity of role model increase

Question 48

mccarthy and kelly 1978

Answer 48

hockey played who go in penalty box for agg more likely to score and earn highest role culture praises aggressive behaviours children learn that fame and fortune and success achieved by agg

Question 49

situational determinants of agg

Answer 49

``` provocation frustration weapons effect discomfort arousal ```

Question 50

provocation and agg

Answer 50

agg stem from feeling the need to reciprocate response in defense of a proviking agg behaviour by another person

Question 51

the situation, provocation and agg | johnson and rule 1986

Answer 51

not always reciprocate agg following provocation intentionality/mitigating circumstances of the social situation have an influence 100 male undergrads inslted by assistant after told the assisstant got a bad grade or not opp to deliver adverse noise to assistant if know that got bad grade then less likely to evoke neg noise and less likely to respond in annoyance/offense to insult

Question 52

frustration agg theory Dollard et al 1939

Answer 52

prevention from goal attainment increases the likelihood of an agg response whe instigated to agg following frustration then outwardly agg when frustrated then also expressed through additional means ie withdrawal/displacement

Question 53

define displacement

Answer 53

directly aggressive behvaiour towards a person.object that is not the cause of agg

Question 54

braker, dembo and lewin 1941 | frustration and agg in children

Answer 54

children shown toys out of reach control play immediately but exp elayed exp more destructive in play, express frustration of not obtaining immediate goal

Question 55

difference between frustration of not obtaining a goal and deprivation

Answer 55

depreivation is when no way of getting to goal ie children not in presence of toys to play with frustration is when have the reasonable expectation to be able to achieve a goal and it is thwarted

Question 56

expectation and frustration | kulik and brown 1979

Answer 56

aggression increase when thwat of goal is unexpected students with high expectation of donations and comission increase phone verbal agg towards callers than those who have low expectations size and strength of goal determines level of frustration and following aggressive behaviours

Question 57

problem with the frustration aggression model

Answer 57

extreme - assumes all agg = frustration | likely to be an association but not direct correlation between the two

Question 58

attribution of frustration and agg | kreigelmeyer, wittstadt and stack 2009

Answer 58

intentionality of anothers behaviour determines if become frustrated as a result pps get pos or neg eval for work then either apologetic mistake letter or not apology resude agg BUT not affect - GSR still relate to feelings of agg just not outwardly express

Question 59

goal fulfullment and attribution of frustration | jreigelmeyer wittstadt and stack 2009

Answer 59

both unintentionality and intentionality of behvaiour greater agg affect than control control: express aggression then measure implicitly goal fulfilment of frustration expression reduces access to anger constructs

Question 60

berkowitz 1993 revised frustration agg model: cognitive neoassociation theory

Answer 60

when frustrated, anger may be evoked by a cue ingitgates to aggress and outwardly aggressive (Actions depend on who attribute agg to) cues during averse event associated with cognitive and emotional responses cue activates neg thoghts memories responses etc - linkedotgether in semantic assoc structure priming concept spreads semantic activated to related concepts and increases agg response

Question 61

appraisal theory of agg and frustration

Answer 61

when not achieve a goal that leads to frustration either lead to anger - when thwart due to someone else OR lead to sadness when recognise own fault

Question 62

weapons effect and priming

Answer 62

gun may activate related scemas in therms of thoughts, affect and behaviours links to anger ,retaltiaiton and death gun = power agg = gun use SLT

Question 63

klinesmith et al 2006 weapons effect

Answer 63

testosterone levels increase when play with gn for 15 mins than play non threatening game link to direct physical ag in males

Question 64

carlsmith and anderson 1979 discomfort and agg heat

Answer 64

riots between 1967 and 1971 more likely to occur on hot days than cold

Question 65

stoff and claims 1997 discomfort and agg overall stimuli

Answer 65

heat, humidity, air pollution, crows and offensive odours lowers threshold for agg behaviours

Question 66

griffitt and veitch 1971 discompfort and agg temp and affect

Answer 66

work in room in normal temp or 90 degrees | hot room report increse in agg affect and more hostility towards stranger asked to describe and eval

Question 67

arousal and agg excitation transfer theory zillman

Answer 67

arousal = excitaion of sympathetic NS

Question 68

zillman and bryans 1974 excitation transfer theory study

Answer 68

20 undergrads either disc threating (no arousal )or bike ride (arousal) 2 mins after - provoked or not by opponent 6 mins after - given the opportunity to retaliate bike increase retaliation than no arousal arousal can increase anger or frustration even when not linked to the cause

Question 69

arousal awareness and aggresion

Answer 69

when aware that arousal is due to a previous factor then reduced agg expression aware that frustrated due to other means

Question 70

general model of agression (Anderson and bushman 2002) cognition

Answer 70

hostile thoughts increse accessibility of agg constructs in memory ie priming

Question 71

general model of agression (Anderson and bushman 2002) arousal

Answer 71

physiological and psychological mens do not always conincide so can have a varied impact ie heat increases heart rate but leads to the perception of reduced arousal/more lethargic

Question 72

general model of agression (Anderson and bushman 2002) appraisal and decision process that leads to a thoughtful action

Answer 72

1- immediate appraisal - auto awareness and likely to determine immediate response 2 - resource sufficient to eval? ( no - impulse , yes - next.) 3- is the outcome important/satisfying (no - impulse , yes - next..) 4 - reappraisal -effortful elab of alternative vies - lead to thoughtful act THOUGHTFUL ACT CAN STILL BE AGG BUT MORE INTENTIONAL/SPECIFIC TO GET SPECIFIC OUTCOME

Question 73

james bulger case violence in the media

Answer 73

2 10 year old boys kidnapped and murder 2 y/o james bulger | thought to be recreating horror film and played violen video gaes

Question 74

anderson and bushman 2002 violence in the media

Answer 74

repeated exposre to violence or agg either via media or in own home leads to increase agg in adults by developing autonomizing and reinforcing aggresstion related knowledge structures ie activate agg beliefs/attitudes, expectations behavioural scripts may create a bias view as more likely to identify aggressive expression and therefore more likely to respond

Question 75

anderson et al 2003 media violence impact

Answer 75

increase physiological arousal trigger automatic tendency to imitate prime existeing ideas and expectations of agg ie social scripts of how to behave

Question 76

define desensitisation

Answer 76

repeated exposure to agg and violdence numbs alter perception of events as less agg or violent media violdence may make agg more acceptable in modern world and reduce empathy for victims dehumanise victims?

Question 77

cline croft and courier 1973 media violence and desensitisation

Answer 77

watch lots of tv = decrease in physiological arousal and indifference to boxing match BUT less TV increases arousal and aggitation (BUT depends on what is watched)

Question 78

josephson 1987 desensitisation and predispositions of agg

Answer 78

children watch violent or non violent film then play hockey | increase in agg acts by those prev rated by teachers as already expressing aggressive tendencies

Question 79

catharsis and media

Answer 79

thought that Freuds idea of catharsis may mean that by watching violence or agg in the media we can displace our aggressive tendencies and reduce agg within society

Question 80

bushman 2002 catharsis

Answer 80

provoked pps then made hit punching bag while thinking of being physically fit or thinking of being a provocateur later given opportunity to aggress against provocateur punch increase agg than control punch and thinking of provocateur increase than thinking of firness

Question 81

denzler et al 2009 agg and goal fulfilment

Answer 81

accessability to goal related constructs reduced agg once fulfill zeigarnik effect fulfilling goal to aggress either really or imagines reduces agg BUT mearly expressing agg increases even when thinking of goal (MUST FULFILL) catharsis may have influence if believe expression constitutes as a means of goal fulfillment

Question 82

de waal et al 2007 self cotnrol and agg

Answer 82

pps recieve neg feedback for essay ask to prepare snack for marker told dont like hot sauce pps with lower levels of self control more likely to give hot sauce than higher sc

Question 83

alcohol, expectations and agg | marlatt and rosenow 1980

Answer 83

respond more aggresively when legally drunk and when not - respond in the way you expect you will with you drink alcohol provides and excuse to behave in a way that is not usually socially acceptable

Question 84

pennebaker 1990 indirect agg expression and anger reduction

Answer 84

writing letters to provocateur/about what annoyed about reduce by gaining insight and durhter awareness into the situation

Question 85

mischowski et al 2012 fly on the wall 'anger rumination

Answer 85

``` pps provoked then self distance reflect (3rd person) self immerse reflect (1st) control - no reflect 3rd person reduces anger whereas first and control increase ```

Question 86

Baron 1976 empathy and agg

Answer 86

``` car fail to move after green like 90% in second car honk BUT pedestrian crossing on crutches 5% 2nd car honk evokes empaty and conscientiousness ```

Question 87

punishment for aggression and agg reduction

Answer 87

to have an impact, punshment: must be immediate must be certain and unavoidable following the beaviour must be mild - harsh methods may serve to increase anxiety or anger/give individual reaction they wanted

Question 88

training agg reduction

Answer 88

improving communicaiton, empaty and perspective taking toch 1980 - lower social skills more prone to violence and relationship problems learn how to communicate constructively and compromise in the face of conflict

Question 89

feshback 1997 training to reduce agg

Answer 89

30 hour programme involving exercise qs designed to develop perspective taking ie listen to stroies, retell from character views, play roles of character an video, view video and talk about expressions found to be more empathetic, generous, higher SE and less aggressive encourages cognitive flexibility