SPRING Group Level processes and Formation

Question 1

what is a group

Answer 1

consists of 2+ people
share common characterisic that is socially meaningful for themselves or others
defined by social categoeires:
meaningful attributes and face to face interactions (share common values but somewhat independent)
boundaries define who is in the group and who is not

Question 2

types of group formation

Answer 2

naturally occuring

deliberative

Question 3

who forms groups

Answer 3

more extroverted and open
women - smaller, informal intimate groups
men - larger, formal, task focused groups

Question 4

when do people form groups (festinger 1954)

Answer 4

social comparison to gain information
in ambiguous circumstances that leads to neg emotions and uncertaintly - affiliate wih others and socially compare to get cog clarity

gain info about situation - groups fulfill these emotional and cognitive leads

Question 5

types of social comparison

Answer 5

upward and downward

Question 6

define upward social comparison

Answer 6

compare against better than self
increase optimism and elevate goals
BUT more depressed and discouraged if more competent? - even if performed better than average
BUT relationships - affirmation of others success

Question 7

define downward social comparison

Answer 7

chose targets of who are doing worse than oneself - boost self esteem

Question 8

describe the self evaluation maintenance model (tesser 1998)

Answer 8

upwards and downwards social comparison is important for the maintenance of self esteem

perfer to assoc with indiv who dont outperform in areas relevant to self esteem
celebrate accomplishments only when not in domain value greatly otherwise resentment, shame and envy

groups formed of inividuals good at a task but better at their own tasks

Question 9

when do people form groups (tesser, campbell and smith 1984)

Answer 9

if task is important to self then judge performance as better than friend

if not important then judge relatively worse

Question 10

describe the proximity principle (newcombe 1960)

Answer 10

people join groups because they are nearby as increases familiarity and interaction
reis et al 2011 - online chats increase = increase attraction

Question 11

sacerdote and mormoros 2005 proximity and attraction

Answer 11

students email people who live in same door more than diff dorms
repeated exposure = contentment and promotes interaction

Question 12

describe the elaboration principle

Answer 12

small groups form and then invite others

additional elements linked by original members

Question 13

describe the ismilarity priniciple

Answer 13

affiliate with others who are similar to yourself
ie share same beleifs, interests and politics
most grops tend towards increasing homophilly

Question 14

when and why do groups form

Answer 14

stressful situation
need for beloning 
emotional support
informational support
power (ie men in large groups)
spiritual support

Question 15

what is group deveopment (forsyth 1990)

Answer 15

pattern of growth and change that occurs in groups throughout the lifespan

Question 16

johnson and johnson 2003 group dynamics

Answer 16

groups must:
achieve goals
maintain positive relations
adapt to environmental changes

Question 17

models of group development

Answer 17

sequential (unitary sequences, linear or cyclic)
non sequential
intergrative

Question 18

tuckman and jensen (1977) sequential model of group develpment

Answer 18

5 stages
1 - forming
2- storming
3- norming 
4- performing
5- adjourning

Question 19

tuckman and jensen (1977) sequential model stage 1 forming

Answer 19

members first come together and make acquaintance
establish ground rules
formalities
treat as strangers

Question 20

tuckman and jensen (1977) sequential modelstage 2 storming

Answer 20

communicate feelings and view
view indiv > team
resist control and hostile
test boundaries and conflict

Question 21

tuckman and jensen (1977) sequential model stage 3 norming

Answer 21

feel part of team and achieve work if accept diff views
rules and standards established
group conformity
observe commonalities in behaviours and attitudes

Question 22

tuckman and jensen (1977) sequential model stage 4 performing

Answer 22

teram work in open and trusting atmosphere
flexibiity > hierachy
leadership and responsisbility is shared

Question 23

tuckman and jensen (1977) sequential model stage 5 adjourning

Answer 23

assess and reminisce about accomplishments

implement plan to recognise roles and contributions

Question 24

mcgrew biolatta and deeny 1999 sequential model addition

Answer 24

denorming
destorming
deforming

Question 25

mcgrew biolatta and deeny 1999 sequential model addition - denorming

Answer 25

members drift in diff directions as interests and expectations change

Question 26

mcgrew biolatta and deeny 1999 sequential model addition - destorming

Answer 26

individual resistance increases and cohesiveness declines

Question 27

mcgrew biolatta and deeny 1999 sequential model addition - deforming

Answer 27

group falls apart and sub groups battle for control

Question 28

hingst et al 2006 mcgrew biolatta and deeny 1999 sequential model addition

Answer 28

task articulation | interpersonal relationships

Question 29

what are non sequential models

Answer 29

no predetermined sequence focus on underlying factors that cause shifts in groups doesnt predict peak performance look at high cohesiveness may be high or low

Question 30

mcgrath 1991 non sequential theorist

Answer 30

social entertainment time based social synchronisation behaviour and coordination

Question 31

poole 1983 non sequential theorist

Answer 31

decision making of small groups observe break points indicators of change

Question 32

describe wheelan 1993 integrative model of group formaion

Answer 32

combines sequential and non - sequential does not have performance stage and doesnt explain group maturity 4 areas- dependency and incusion, counter dependency and fight, trust and structre, work and productivity

Question 33

describe dependency and inclusion (wheelan 1993 integrative model of group formaion)

Answer 33

members depend on leader concern safety and inclusion rely on leader and influential members for direction psuedo work - exchange stories about outside activities and unrelated to group goals

Question 34

describe counterdependency and fight (wheelan 1993 integrative model of group formaion)

Answer 34

disagreement about goals and procedures = conflict develop goals, values and procedures conflict necessary for establisment of trust and climate to feel free to disagree

Question 35

describe trust and structure (wheelan 1993 integrative model of group formaion)

Answer 35

mature negotiation of roles, organisation and procedures | solidify positive working relationships

Question 36

describe work and productivity (wheelan 1993 integrative model of group formaion)

Answer 36

intense productivity and effectiveness resolve previous problems focus on goal achievement and accomplishments

Question 37

describe impending termination (wheelan 1993 integrative model of group formaion)

Answer 37

if group has distinct end point cause disruption and conflce segregation issues adressed and appreciation of experience

Question 38

describe the group development questionnair (wheelan and hochburger 1996)

Answer 38

60 items | test presence or absence o characteristic behaviours at any given stage

Question 39

wheelan davidson and tillin 2003 group development: reality or illusion

Answer 39

relationship between time spent and verbal beh patterns GDQ more time spent in meetings = less dependent members felt, less fight, more work, more high functioning

Question 40

limitations of tuckman sequential model of group formation

Answer 40

mainly small and exp groups assumes no prior history ignored borader organisational context or work roles overemphasises interpersonal challenges

Question 41

social facilitatoin

Answer 41

task performance can either be facilitated or inhibited by the presence of others enhance speed of performance but inhibit efficiency of complex

Question 42

theories of social facilitation on group performance

Answer 42

drive theory evaluation apprehension distrction conflict

Question 43

describe drive theory (zajonc 1965)

Answer 43

presence of tohers increases arousal which facilitates kperformance if the task is simple, well learnt an dhighly practiced but low performance when untrained on complex tasks ans not practiced under pressure

Question 44

michaels, blommel, brocatto, linous and rowe 1982 drive theory support

Answer 44

expert pool played better underpressure than poor

Question 45

describe evaluation apprehension (rosenberg 1965)

Answer 45

concern about udgement - better in generic tasks than creative - cant think complex/creatively when feel judged (sanna and shotland 1990)

Question 46

what is social loafing

Answer 46

tendency to exert less effort when unidentifiable from the rest of the group than when perform alone ie clapping

Question 47

latane, williams and harkins 1979 social loafing

Answer 47

students clap and cheer | - decrease indivividual sound when increase group size

Question 48

when is social loafing reduced

Answer 48

individual contribution is essential contribution is being knowlingly monitored strong identification with group

Question 49

when is social loafing increased

Answer 49

negative mood - transfers to others

Question 50

barsade 2002 and emotion on group

Answer 50

confederate in good/bad mood in group acitivty | - exposure to neg increase confluct, decresed co operation and decreased percieved performance on task

Question 51

how can you actively reduce social loafing

Answer 51

encourage performance on tasks reduce group size reward good performance punish bad

Question 52

what is a leader of a group

Answer 52

one or more members who attain permission to influence and motivate others to gain the groups goal

Question 53

judge andbono 2000 5 factor model of personality and transformational leadership

Answer 53

the more we identify with groups the more infrluenced we are by prototypical leaders leaders tend to be prototypical of whole group - high agreeableness, high extrabersion, open to experience thorough, careful and vigilant personality

Question 54

social identity theory and group membership (tafel 1979)

Answer 54

sense of identity is based on who they are in a group group important to sef esteem and pride - intragroup depersonalisation - assoc with similar traits and focus on group as a whole increase identification with group mean idtentify prototypical leader who is efficient

Question 55

what are prototypical leaders

Answer 55

``` characteristic of the group as a whole thought to be more efficient, motivated by same needs more likely to trust motives initiatives percieved as creative and co operative ```

Question 56

duck and feilding 1999 prototypical leader

Answer 56

leader allocated from own or diff sub group - ingrou psupport own and higher identify

Question 57

feilding and hogges 1997 group identification and attraction

Answer 57

identification increase over time percieved leadership effectiveness positive function of social attraction and prototypicallity of leader amplifies amongst high indentifying members

Question 58

what makes an effetive leader

Answer 58

in group membershio social attraction (increased complianced, prototypical, behavioural synchrony) length held positiion centralisation of self (highlight existing group prototype, demonise outgroup adn pilloy deviants)