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ANAT 316 Term 1 > Lecture 5 - The Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - The Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of neurons does the Somatic Nervous System contain? (voluntary)

A
  • sensory neurons (afferent)
  • somatic motor neurons (efferent)
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2
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

convery input from receptors for somatic senses and receptors for special senses

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3
Q

What do somatic motor neurons do?

A

innervate skeletal muscles

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4
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do? (involuntary)

A
  • regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular tissue
  • autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by exciting or inhibiting activities in effector tissue
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5
Q

Somatic sensory vs visceral sensory (afferent divison of PNS)

A
  • somatic sensory: carries signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bones and joints
  • visceral sensory: carries signals mainly from organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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6
Q

How many neuron systems are there in the somatic vs autonomic nervous system?

A
  • somatic: 1
  • autonomic: 2
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7
Q

Somatic neuron system

A

starts at spinal cord -> somatic motor neuron -> effector (skeletal muscle)

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8
Q

Autonomic neuron system

A

starts at spinal cord -> preganglionic neuron - > ganglion -> postganglionic neuron -> effectors (smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle)

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9
Q

General sensory receptors by structural class

A
  • free nerve endings
  • encapsulated
  • proprioceptors
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10
Q

Free nerve ending: of sensory neurons: functional class by stimulus type

A
  • nociceptors (pain)
  • thermoreceptors (heat and cold)
  • mechanoreceptors (pressure)
  • chemoreceptors (changes in chemical compositions)
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11
Q

Free nerve ending: of sensory neurons: body location

A
  • most of the body tissue; most dense in connective tissue
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12
Q

Modified free nerve endings: (Merkel discs): functional class by stimulus type

A

mechanoreceptors (light pressure)

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13
Q

Modified free nerve endings: (Merkel discs): body location

A

deepest layer of epidermis

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14
Q

Free nerve endings: hair follicle receptors: functional class by stimulus type

A

mechanoreceptors (hair deflection)

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15
Q

Free nerve endings: hair follicle receptors: body location

A

in and surrounding hair follicles

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16
Q

Encapsulated: tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles: functional class by stimulus type

A
  • mechanoreceptors (light pressure, discriminative touch, vibration of low frequency)
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17
Q

Encapsulated: tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles: body location

A

hairless skin, particularly nipples, external genitalia, fingertips, eyelids

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18
Q

Encapsulated: lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles: functional class by stimulus type

A
  • mechanoreceptors (deep pressure, stretch, vibration of high frequency)
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19
Q

Encapsulated: lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles: body location

A
  • dermis and hypodermis; most abundant on fingers, soles of feet, external genitalia, nipples
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20
Q

Encapsulated: ruffini corpuscles: functional class by stimulus type

A
  • mechanoreceptors (deep pressure and stretch)
21
Q

Encapsulated: ruffini corpuscles: body location

A

deep in dermis, hypodermis and joint capsules

22
Q

Proprioceptors: muscle spindles: functional class by stimulus type

A

mechanoreceptos (muscle stretch)

23
Q

Proprioceptors: muscle spindles: body location

A

skeletal muscles; particularly those of the extremitites

24
Q

Proprioceptors: tendon organs: functional class by stimulus type

A

mechanoreceptos (tendon stretch)

25
Q

Proprioceptors: tendon organs: body location

A

tendons

26
Q

What are the purposes of the spinal cord? (4)

A
  • communication system between brain and various parts of the body
  • essential for voluntray and involuntary actions
  • highways for sensory and motor integrations
  • important for rapid automatic responses through reflexes
27
Q

What are the roles of the spinal cord?

A
  • provide structural support
  • protection
  • organization of nerves
28
Q

What are the 3 layers of the spinal cord (from outside layer to inside the nerve fiber)

A
  • epineurium
  • perineurium
  • endoneurium
29
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

30
Q

What is special about spinal nerve pairs 1-7?

A

they leave the spinal cord above their corresponding vertebrae level

31
Q

Classify the 31 spinals nerves into their groups

A
  • 8 pairs of cervicle nerves
  • 12 pairs of thoracic nerves
  • 5 pairs of lumbar nerves
  • 5 pairs of sacral nerves
  • 1 pair of coccygeal nerves
32
Q

What do each spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord throuhg?

A

dorsal root

33
Q

What do dorsal roots contain?

A
  • axonal processes of sensory neurons arising from posterior horn
  • dorsal root ganglion
34
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A
  • enlargment of dorsal root
  • cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons
  • functions as sensory relay stations by processing and modulating sensory signal before reaching the CNS
35
Q

Where do the spinal nerve and the dorsal root ganglion lie within?

A

the intervertebral foramina

36
Q

What does the ventral root contain?

A
  • axonal processes of motor neurons whose cell bodies are locted in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
37
Q

What does each spinal nerve branch into? (2)

A
  • dorsal ramus
    or
  • ventral ramus
38
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral rami have in common?

A
  • contain sensory and motor fibers
  • exit the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramina
  • supply the entire somatic region of the body
39
Q

What are the differences between dorsal and ventral rami?

A
  • dorsal rami: supplies dorsum of neck and back
  • ventral rami: supplies andterior and lateral regions of neck and truck, and all regions of the limbs. It is also much thicker than the dorsal rami
40
Q

How do the ventri rami travel?

A
  • they brand out extensively to form complex networks known as nerve plexuses (rather than travelling directly to their target issue)
41
Q

How many primary nerve plexues are there from the ventral rami?

A

4
the nerve travel to specific target tissue to facilitate motor control and sensory perception

42
Q

What are the nerve plexuses of the body?

A
  • cervical
  • brachial
  • lumbar
  • sacral
43
Q

Cervicle plexus

A
  • spinal nerves C1-C4
  • supplies sensory and motor innervation to the neck and portions of the head
44
Q

Bracial plexus

A
  • spinal nerves C5-T1
  • supplies sensory and motor innervation to shoulders and upper limbs
45
Q

lumbar plexus

A
  • spinal nerves L1-L4
  • supplies nerves to the lowerback, abdominal wall, and part of the lower limb
46
Q

Sacral plexus

A
  • spinal nerves L4-S5
  • innervates the buttocks, pelvic structures and the remainder of the lower limbs
47
Q

What are dermatomes?

A
  • sections of the skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
  • motor and sensory innervation for those specific areas
48
Q

what are th etwo important dermatomes?

A
  • T4: nipples
  • T10: Umbillicus
49
Q

Anatomy of the motor reflex arc

A
  1. sensory recptor
  2. sesnory neuron (afferent)
  3. dorsal root ganglion
  4. dorsal root
  5. posteior horn
  6. interneurons
  7. anterior horn
  8. motor neuron (efferent)
  9. effector muscle

ANAT 316 Term 1 (22 decks)

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