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KIN 411: Neuroanatomy > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Location of cell bodies of LMN

A

anterior horn of spinal cord

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2
Q

Descibe considerations for muscle atrophy e.g. affect of damage to LMN

A

LMNs provide trophic influences on muscle, e.g. transmission of impulses and neuronal substances across synapses. Damage to LMN affect factors e.g. affect protein synthesis resulting in decrease muscle crossectional area. Weakness in muscle- lack of use and decreased size

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3
Q

Describe considerations for hyporeflexia e.g. affect of damage to LMN

A

Damage to LMN- absent stretch reflex responses (on motor side)

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4
Q

0 on deep tendon reflex scale

A

absent reflex

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5
Q

Describe tool to test reflexes (test for hyporeflexia)

A

Deep tendon reflex scale

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6
Q

1 on deep tendon reflex scale

A

decreased by present

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7
Q

2 on deep tendon reflex scale

A

normal

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8
Q

3 on deep tendon reflex scale

A

brisk but excessive

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9
Q

4 on deep tendon reflex scale

A

non-sustained clonus

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10
Q

5 on deep tendon reflex scale

A

Sustained clonus

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11
Q

Suggests hyporeflexia

(numbers on scale)

A

<2 on deep tendon reflex scale

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12
Q

Describe consideration of decreased tone

A

hypotonia- even at rest muscle receiving low levels of tonic stimulation. With LMN injuries, resting tone cannot get down to muscle

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13
Q

Describe how to test for tone and interpretation of testing

A

Move various joints through range of motion- test for resistance. Lack/absence of resistance to ROM with hypotonia, hyperextension of joints associated with decreased tone. Hypertonia- lots of resistance through ROM

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14
Q

How does foot drop affect gait?

A
  1. Excessive flexion of knee in swing on ipsilateral side
  2. Lack of ankle dorsi-flexion in swing on ipsi-lateral side
  3. Foot lands toe first and set down carefully
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15
Q

Name for gait assocaited with foot drop

A

‘high steppage gait’

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16
Q

Identify causes of LMN lesion

A

Injury or disease that affects any of the:
- Motor nuclei in anterior horn of grey mater of spinal cord
-ventral nerve roots (radiculopathy- damage to vental roots) as they come out through spinal cord
- spinal nerves (as travel through mixed nerve to muscle)

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17
Q

Describe polio

A

Virus that attacks cell bodies in anterior horn (primarily motor neurons), mostly irradicated worldwide with vaccine. Affects cell bodies in lumbar region of SC which innervate legs, typically symptoms involving lower limbs, sometimes thoracic region- affect intercostals activation- associated with iron lung device for breathing.

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18
Q

Describe typical age of people affected by polio

A

<5 years old

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19
Q

Describe polio types and prevalence

A

<10% people get neurological type e.g. affect cell bodies in anterior horn of grey mater.
~1% paralytic type which severely Affect LMN’s

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20
Q

Describe recovery from polio

A

Most people able to recovery, some people with neuological type may not (perminant paralysis)

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21
Q

Damage to spinal cord associated with lower motor neuron symptoms affect

A

lower motor neurons

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22
Q

Describe sources of spinal cord damage that affect LMN

A
  1. Spinal cord lesion- damaging cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord
  2. Disc herniation- damage to ventral roots as they leave intervertebral foramen by squeezing/impinging on them and prevent signal from traveling out
  3. Tumor- grows within spinal cord- if growing in anterior (ventral) part of spinal cord affects axons coming out, LMN symptoms of spinal cord at that level
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23
Q

Key consideration of spinal cord damage to LMN

A

Damage at one level likely to affect other levels of SC e.g. additional symptoms below injury in terms of motor function and sensory symptoms. However only LMN type symptoms at level of injury (associated with damage to LMN), LMN coming out from spinal cord below level of injury are intact and LMN coming out above the level of injury are also intact.

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24
Q

How can damage to ventral roots and spinal nerves occur?

A

Injury to ventral roots and spinal nerves can occur through compression, traction, laceration or entrapment- these prevent action potentials from going down

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25
Describe upper motor neurons
cell bodies in motor cortex of brain (precentral gyrus), axons extend down through brain, brainstem and through spinal cord where they innervate LMN in spinal cord
26
Describe representation of primary motor cortex
somatotopic representation of motor nuclei in motor cortex, spatial organisation associated with different regions. Size of representation differs based on functionality e.g. large face and hand areas greater level of control for complex movements vs. small areas devoted to legs/trunk
27
Specifically specify where muscles of the body are represented somatotopically in the cortex
muscles of feet along the midline, travelling along the superior surface is the knee, then laterally the hip, trunk, upper and lower arms, lands and most laterally the face
28
Makes up primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus
29
Where most upper motor neurons reside
primary motor cortex
30
Corticospinal tracts
Bundles of axons from upper motor neurons travelling to spinal cord (made by white matter)
31
Describe the pathway of corticospinal tracts
Axons from cerebral cortex enter upper portions of white mater (corona radiata) in fan like apperance descend towards the internal capsule. Internal capsule continues into the midbrain cerebral peduncles through the basis pedunculi (white mater in ventral portion of cerebral peduncles), through the pons, and collect on ventral surface of medulla to form medullary pyraminds, where some fibres cross the midline via pyramidal decussation.
32
Identify these tracts
corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
33
Identify this
posterior limb of internal capsule
34
Identify this
basis pedunculi
35
Identify this
pyramid
36
Identify this
lateral corticospinal tract (crossed)
37
Identify this
anterior corticospinal tract (uncrossed)
38
Identify this
pyramid
39
Identify this
pyramidal decussation
40
location of internal capsule
lateral to thalamus
41
Where lateral corticospinal tracts travel
lateral column of spinal cord
42
where anterior corticospinal tracts travel
anterior column of spinal cord
43
corticospinal tracts found in ____ of internal capsule
posterior limb
44
Orientation/appearance of internal capsule
u-shaped appearance pointing inwards
45
Identify three parts of internal capsule
anterior limb, genu- where turns (knee of internal capsule), posterior limb,
46
Identify this structure
Internal capsule
47
Identify this structure
putamen
48
Identify this structure
globus pallidus
49
Identify this structure
head of caudate
50
Identify this structure
thalamus
51
Identify this structure
anterior limb
52
Identify this structure
genu
53
Identify this structure
posterior limb
54
Identify the two corticospinal tracts and proportion
-lateral (85%- majorities of tracts) - anterior (15%
55
lateral corticospinal tracts control ____
distal muscles of hands and feet, controls muscles of the contralateral side (crosses midline and control muscles on opposite side of the body)
56
Lateral corticospinal tracts terminate at _____
cervical and lumbo-sacral enlargments
57
Other name for corticospinal tracts
'pyramidal tracts'
58
Describe the pathway of lateral corticospinal tract
tracts from cortex, through corona radiata, into internal capsule through midbrain through basis pedunculi until they get to cervicomedullary junction where they decussate (via pyramidal deccusation) to enter lateral white matter columns of spinal cord and travel to level of innervation and synapse on LMN
59
Level of cervicomedullary junction
sits at level of foramen magnum
60
site of origin of lateral corticospinal tracts
Primary motor cortex, and other frontal and parietal areas
61
Site of deccusation of lateral corticospinal tracts
pyramidal decessation at teh cervicomedullary junction
62
level of termination of lateral corticospinal tract
entire cord (predominately at cervical and lumbosacral enlargments)
63
Function of lateral corticospinal tracts
Movements of the contralateral limb

KIN 411: Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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