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KIN 411: Neuroanatomy > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

sinus

A

opening of layers to filled with venous blood

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2
Q

Where falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli meet forms

A

traiangluar notch opening (tentorial notch)

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3
Q

Structure sits in tentorial notch

A

midbrain

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4
Q

Structures below tentorial notch

A

pons, medulla, spinal cord

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5
Q

Function of tentorial notch

A

allow brainstem structures through middle of brain

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6
Q

Identify this structure

A

falx cerebri

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7
Q

Identify this structure

A

tentorium cerebelli

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8
Q

Identify this structure

A

Superior sagittal sinus

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9
Q

Identify this structure

A

falx cerebri

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10
Q

Identify this structure

A

transverse sinus

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11
Q

Identify potential sites o for injury (brainstem)

A

Can be damaged if displaced by swelling or tumor- soft brainstem pushed against tentorial notch can cause injury

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12
Q

Describe herniation

A

Severe displacement of CNS structures

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13
Q

describe causes of herniation

A

additional volume e.g. blood tumours, the soft meterial of the brain moves (brain/brainstem), if pushed into another cpmpartment-> herniation

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14
Q

Subfalcine hernation

A

herniation below the falx cerebri

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15
Q

Uncal hernation

A

uncus of the brain moves into the tentorium cerebelli

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16
Q

Identify this herniation

A

Subfalcine herniation

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17
Q

Identify this herniation

A

central herniation

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18
Q

Identify this herniation

A

uncal transtentorial herniation

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19
Q

Identify this herniation

A

tonsilar herniation

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20
Q

Describe arachnoid layer and loaction

A

middle layer of meninges, thin wispy (spider like) adheres to inner surface of dura (meningeal layer)

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21
Q

Arachnoid granulation/villi

A

regions where arachnoid mater push through dura

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22
Q

Identify this layer

A

Arachnoid mater

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23
Q

Describe pia mater and location

A

Innermost layer of menigies, adhers to surface of brain- follows gyri and sulci (like shrink wrap)

24
Q

Identify this layer

25
Identify the two potential spaces
epidural space, subdural space
26
Location of epidural space
between inner surface of skull and the dura- above dura
27
Describe location of sub-dural space
Between meningeal layer of Dura and arachnoid (below meningeal and above arachnoid)
28
Identify an actual space
Sub arachnoid space
29
Describe location of subarachnoid space
Between arachnoid and pia mater- contains CSF
30
Describe trabeculae
Beams of connective tissue holding subarachnoid space, filled with CSF and arterial veins
31
Forms sagittal sinus
Divergence of dural layers at falx cerebri
32
Hematoma
Collection of blood
33
Describe epidural hematoma and cause
Middle meningeal artery runs between dura and skull (artery running through epidural space). Common cause of injury is fracture to temporal bone of skull which can cut meningeal artery. Fracture causes damage to arteries. If arteries bleed into epidural space it can pull pariosteal layer from skull.
34
Identify this artery
Middle meningeal artery
35
Identify this space
Epidural space
36
Three features of epidural hematoma
1. Arterial bleed is fast spreading 2. Lens shaped appearance- bows inwards 3. Can cross the midline- if in superior region
37
Identify this hematoma
Epidural hematoma
38
Identify this hematoma
Epidural hematoma
39
Consequences of epidural hematoma
large epidural hematoma-> increase in intracraneal pressure- displacement (e.g. of brain and ventricle) and possible herniation. Can lead to death, immediate surgery to correct
40
Describe subdural hematoma and cause
Bridging veins pass through arachnoid and meningeal layer of dura and drain into dural sinuses in subdural space. Common cause of injury is high accelerations or deccelerations (e.g. blow to head, car accident) leading to a shearing between layers and tearing of vessels. Tension on bridging veins, if get torn or ripped bleeding into sinus and start to form in subdural space, pulling arachnoid mater away
41
Describe features of subdural hematoma
1. venous bleed- slow- can develop over a period of time before symptime are prominant 2. Crescent shaped- arachnoid not not tighly adhered to meningeal layer-> arachnoid pulls aways more and blood extends through subarachnoid space 3. Does not cross the midline- because of falx cerebri- blood enters interhemishpheric fissure
42
Identify this hematoma
Sub-dural hematoma
43
Identify this hematoma
Sub-dural hematoma
44
Consequences of sub-dural hematoma
overtime get displacement and possible herniation
45
Identify the two types of sub-dural hematoma
chronic subdural hematoma, acute subdural hematoma
46
Differential acute and chronic subdural hematoma
**Acute-** blood is hyperdense, therefore brighter on CT scan, associated with major trauma with higher accelerations, accidents, falls **Chronic- **blood begins to liquify and is less dense, therfore less bright on CT, no major trauma usually in older patients where there is brain shinkage which cause pull/tear on bridging veins, bleeding slow until symptomes aride *harder to identify*
47
Identify this type of subdural hematoma
Acute subdural hematoma
48
Identify this type of subdural hematoma
Chronic subdural hematoma
49
Describe subarachnoid hematoma and cause
Damage to arteries and veins in subarachnoid space. Common cause of injury: **nontraumatic- ** rupture of an arterial aneurism- arterial wall bursts and arterial blood into subarachnoid space **Traumatic **- contusion or other brain injury causing bleeding e.g. car accident, head injury
50
Describe the movement of CSF into sinuses
CSF flows through granulations into sinuses and enters blood stream- one way movement into sinuses from subarachnoid space. Have turnover of CSF
51
Describe consequences of subarachnoid hematoma
blood can block, clog granulations- cause increase in CSF increasing pressure in the brain. Significant injury, 25% of people die immediately, some survival if rapidly dealt with
52
Characteristics of subarachnoid hematoma
- blood widespead across entire space/brain, blood can be seen into fissures
53
Identify this hematoma
Subarachnoid hematoma
54
Identify three sites of hematoma
-epidural hematoma -subdural hematoma -subarachnoid hematoma
55
Transtentorial herniation
herniation through tentorial notch
56
Central herniation
herniation centrally and downward

KIN 411: Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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