Lecture 6

Question 1

Anaerobes

Answer 1

Capture and utlize energy by oxygen independent metabolism like glycolysis and fermentation

Question 2

Aerobes

Answer 2

Use oxygen to extract more energy from organic molecules

Question 3

Main role of mitochondria in cells

Answer 3

• Production of ATP
• Regulation of Innate activity
• Calcium homeostasis
• Programmed Cell Death
• Stem cell regulation

Question 4

Outermembrane of mitochondria

Answer 4

Contains transport proteins for shuttling pyruvate into mitochondrion for phosphorylation

Question 5

Matrix

Answer 5

Has appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the krebs cycle

Question 6

Intermembrane space

Answer 6

Small space to quickly accumulate protons

Question 7

Inner membrane

Answer 7

Contains ETC and ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

Cristae

Answer 8

Highly folded so as to increase surface area to volume ratio

Question 9

Two characteristics of Mitochondria

Answer 9

• Have a genome
• Can synthesize proteins

Question 10

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 10

• Encodes for 13 proteins
• Maternally Contributed

Question 11

Steps of cellular respiration

Answer 11

1. Glycolysis
2. Citric Acid Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain

Question 12

Where does glycolysis occur

Answer 12

Cytoplasm

Question 13

Steps of Glycolysis

Answer 13

• Glucose
• Pyruvate
• Acetyl - CoA

Question 14

Where does citric acid cycle occur

Answer 14

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 15

Where does Electron Transport Chain occur

Answer 15

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Question 16

Start of Cellular respiration

Answer 16

Glucose, ATP and NAD+

Question 17

End of Cellular Respiration

Answer 17

ATP and Water

Question 18

Every Glucose molecule yields

Answer 18

30-32 ATP

Question 19

Glycolysis does not require

Answer 19

Oxygen

Question 20

Energy input of Glycolysis

Answer 20

2 ATP

Question 21

Products of Glycolysis

Answer 21

2 Pyruvate
4 ATP
2 NADH
Net gain: 2 ATP

Question 22

Intermediate product of glycolysis

Answer 22

Glyceraldehyde - 3 - Phosphate

Question 23

What is ATP

Answer 23

• Adenosine triphosphate
• Energy Currency of the cell

Question 24

Structure of ATP

Answer 24

• Adenine
• Ribose
• 3 Phosphate group

Question 25

2 Electron carriers

Answer 25

- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) - Flavin Adenine dinucleotide (FAD+)

Question 26

Possibilities of Pyruvate Phosphorylation

Answer 26

- Citric Acid Cycle - Fermentation (Anaerobic) - Transamination - Gluconeogenesis

Question 27

Aerobic condition of pyruvate

Answer 27

- Pyruvate is transported across inner membrane (Citric Acid Cycle) - Decarboxylated - Acetyl CoA - Acetyl CoA enter the nexe stage = Krebs Cycle

Question 28

Anaerobic condtions of Pyruvate

Answer 28

Fermentation

Question 29

Where does fermentation occur

Answer 29

- Cytosol - Occurs in muscl when you have an insufficient oxygen supply

Question 30

What yields from fermentation

Answer 30

2 Lactate

Question 31

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 31

- Happens in the Mitochondria - Needs Oxygen (Indirectly)

Question 32

Input of Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 32

- Acetyl CoA (Oxidized)

Question 33

Products of Citric Acid Cylce

Answer 33

- 3 NADH - 1 FADH - 1 GTP - Net Gain: 12 ATP

Question 34

Catabolic pathways that are fed into the TCA cycle

Answer 34

- Fatty Acid Cycle - Catabolism of amino acids

Question 35

What happens to the NADH formed in the cytosol during glycolysis?

Answer 35

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

Question 36

Two steps of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 36

- Electron Transport Chain - Chemiosmosis

Question 37

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 37

- High energy electrons passed from NADH and FADH2 through a series of carries

Question 38

Chemiosmosis

Answer 38

Controlled movment of H+ back across the membrane coupled to ATP synthesis

Question 39

Strong Oxidizer has

Answer 39

High electron affinity

Question 40

Strong reducer agent has

Answer 40

Weak electron affinity

Question 41

NADH is a _______

Answer 41

Strong reducing agent

Question 42

Flavoproteins

Answer 42

- Polypeptides bound to Flavin adenine dinucleotide, Flavin mononucleotide

Question 43

Major Flavoproteins of the mitochondria

Answer 43

- NADH Dehydrogenase - Succinate dehydrogenase

Question 44

Where is the NADH dehydrogenase

Answer 44

Electron Transport chain

Question 45

Where is Succinate dehydrogenase

Answer 45

Citric Acid Cycle