Lecture 6 Metabolic diversiry

Question 1

All cells need what for their metabolic activities

Answer 1

•Carbon
•Energy

Question 2

Chemical reaction involve the release of what

Answer 2

Electrons

Question 3

Electrons have stored energy and when an atom or molecule loses the electron and becomes oxidised what happens that energy

Answer 3

It is released

Question 4

What is oxidation

Answer 4

Atom or molecule loses one or more electrons

Question 5

What is reduction

Answer 5

Atom or molecules gains electrons

Question 6

Energy generated is stored in the form of what

Answer 6

ATP

Question 7

Example of a simple oxidation reaction

Answer 7

Fe2+ ⇋ Fe3+ + e-

Question 8

What is energy stored as

Answer 8

High energy phosphate bond

Question 9

Inorganic phosphate group in energy is attached to what

Answer 9

attached to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Question 10

Phosphate is enzymatically removed from ATP to do what

Answer 10

Release energy

Question 11

How do chemotrophs get energy

Answer 11

Derive energy from chemicals

Question 12

What do Chemoorganotrophs use

Answer 12

Organic chemicals

Question 13

What do Chemolithotriphs use

Answer 13

Inorganic chemicals

Question 14

How do Phototrophs get energy

Answer 14

Derive energy from light

Question 15

What are organic chemicals

Answer 15

Compounds containing carbon

Question 16

All cells required what as a major nutrient

Answer 16

Carbon

Question 17

How do Chemoorganotrophs derive energy from organic chemicals

Answer 17

•Oxidisation of the compound release electrons which are used to generate ATP
•Electrons have stored energy and when an atom or molecules becomes oxidised the energy is released

Question 18

What are Aerobes

Answer 18

Chemoorganotrophs that can only produce energy in the presence of oxygen

Question 19

What are Anaerobes

Answer 19

Microbes that can only produce energy in the absence of oxygen

Question 20

What are Facultative anaerobes

Answer 20

Microbes that produce energy in the presence or absence of oxygen

Question 21

Function of methanogens in rumen

Answer 21

Microbes capable of digesting coarse plant material abd which produce methane as a by product of digestion

Question 22

When are methane reducing feed additives most effective

Answer 22

When grain , hay or silage is added to the diet

Question 23

Methane reducing feed additives can be

Answer 23

•synthetic chemicals
•natural supplements like tannnins or seaweed
•fats and oils

Question 24

Feeding one type of seaweed at 3% of the diet has resulted in how much of a methane reduction in cattle

Answer 24

80% reduction

Question 25

What are Trihalomethanes and give an example

Answer 25

•Bromoform •Active ingredient that decreases methane emissions

Question 26

Benefits of reduced volume of methane formation

Answer 26

•Better efficiency of feed utilisation As methane emissions represent a gross energy loss from feed intake of about 10%

Question 27

Example of Chemolithotrophs

Answer 27

•H2 •H2S •Fe2+

Question 28

Where do Chemolithotrophs obtain carbon from

Answer 28

CO2-autotrophy

Question 29

Why is Lithotrophy advantageous

Answer 29

Organisms deriving energy from inorganic compounds don’t have to compete with chemoorganotrophs

Question 30

What are Heterotrophs

Answer 30

Microbial cells which use one or more organic compounds as their carbon source are called heterotrophs

Question 31

What are Authotrophs

Answer 31

Microbial cells which use CO2 as their carbon source are called autotrophs –CO2 fixation or Calvin cycle

Question 32

Why are Autotrophs called primary producers

Answer 32

They produce organic matter from CO2 in the air

Question 33

What is Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Answer 33

Oxygen is produced as a bi product

Question 34

What is Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Answer 34

No oxygen is produced

Question 35

Name the pigment in Phototrophic cells

Answer 35

•Chlorophylls •Carotenoids

Question 36

What colour are Chlorophylls

Answer 36

Green

Question 37

What is the chlorophyll’s in phototrophic bacteria called

Answer 37

bacteriochlorophylls

Question 38

In plant cells where does photosynthesis take place

Answer 38

In chloroplasts

Question 39

Where does photosynthesis take place in bacteria

Answer 39

Specially developed cytoplasmic membrane

Question 40

What colour are Carotenoids

Answer 40

•Yellow •Red •Brown •Green

Question 41

What are carotenoids closely associated with

Answer 41

bacteriochlorophylls

Question 42

Carotenoids transfer light energy to what

Answer 42

bacteriochlorophylls