Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHRM 825 - Exam 6 > LECTURE 65 - diarrhea > Flashcards

LECTURE 65 - diarrhea Flashcards

(53 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

List the 4 main categories of diarrhea

A

secretory
osmotic
exudative
altered intestinal transit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe secretory diarrhea

A

Characterized by a change in active ion transport by either a decrease in sodium absorption or an increase in chloride secretion into the lumen (water follows)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe osmotic diarrhea

A

Caused when poorly absorbed substances are retained in intestinal fluids, resulting influx of water & electrolytes into the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe exudative diarrhea

A

Subset of secretory
secondary to inflammatory diseases of the bowel
IBD discharge mucus, proteins, and blood into gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List possible causes of secretory diarrhea

A

Pancreatic tumors, unabsorbed fat, laxatives, bacterial toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List possible causes of osmotic diarrhea

A
  • Malabsorption syndromes
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Administration of divalent ions (Mg containing antacids)
  • Consumption of poorly soluble CHOs (lactulose, sorbitol)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the types of diarrhea characterized by large stool volumes

A

Secretory (> 1 L/day)
Exudative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List types of diarrhea NOT altered by fasting

A

secretory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List types of diarrhea IMPROVED by fasting

A

osmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define diarrhea

A

Increased frequency & decreased consistency of fecal discharge compared to an individual’s normal bowel patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define fecal incontinence

A
  • The inability to control bowel movements, causing stool to leak unexpectedly from the rectum
  • Ranges from occasional leaking of stool while passing gas → complete loss of bowel control
  • May occur temporarily during an occasional bout of diarrhea OR may be chronic / recurring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the US

A

Salmonella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the most common viral cause of diarrhea/vomiting in the US

A

Norwalk (Norovirus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of diarrhea

A
  • N/V, abdominal pain, fever, chills, malaise
  • Hyperperistalsis with generalized local tenderness on exam

Small intestine: cramps, bowel sounds, lower right quadrant pain w/ cramping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the timeframe for acute diarrhea

A

< 14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the timeframe for chronic diarrhea

A

> 30 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the timeframe for traveler’s diarrhea

A

2-3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe causes of acute diarrhea

A

Usually caused by an infectious process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe possible effects of chronic diarrhea

A

weight loss, anorexia & weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the primary cause of traveler’s diarrhea

A

Most cases are infective –> primarily caused by bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of TRAVELER’S diarrhea

A

acute, watery diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the potential causes of drug-induced diarrhea

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Decrease transit time leading to irregular absorption & secretion
  • Alteration of bowel flora (antimicrobials)
23
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of drug-induced diarrhea

Study These Flashcards
A

may range from mild incontinence - life-threatening antibiotic associated

24
Q

List common drugs that can cause diarrhea

Study These Flashcards
A
  • laxatives
  • antimicrobials - clindamycin, broad spectrum
  • metformin
25
List some preventative measures than an be used to prevent traveler's diarrhea
- drink BOTTLED water & drinks - be sure fruits & veggies are properly washed & prepared - Bismuth subsalicylate may be considered for any traveler to prevent traveler’s diarrhea - Use rifaximin for antimicrobial prophylaxis (if indicated)
26
When is antimicrobial prophylaxis indicated for prevention of traveler's diarrhea?
For travelers at high-risk of health-related complications of traveler’s diarrhea Should NOT be used routinely
27
List the two important non-pharmacological management options
- diet management - fluid (electrolyte replacement)
28
Describe diet management as a way to manage diarrhea
- more important with osmotic diarrhea (eliminating causative agent) - DO NOT stop feedings in children with bacteria diarrhea - BRAT diet
29
Describe the BRAT diet for diarrhea management
Banana Rice Applesauce Toast
30
Describe appropriate treatment for mild traveler's diarrhea
- antibiotics NOT recommended - loperamide OR bismuth subsalicylate (60 mL / 2 tabs QID) may be considered
31
Describe appropriate treatment for moderate traveler's diarrhea
- antibiotics MAY be used - loperamide may be considered as monotherapy OR adjunctive therapy
32
Describe appropriate treatment for severe traveler's diarrhea
- antibiotics SHOULD be used (rifaximin 200mg TID x 3 days) - loperamide may be considered as adjunctive therapy
33
Describe the appropriate treatment for drug-induced diarrhea
- d/c offending agent when possible - Oral rehydration solutions & anti-motility agents may be needed
34
Describe the MOA for anti-motility drugs
Activate the mu opioid receptors on the smooth muscle of the bowel to reduce peristalsis & increase segmentation - delaying transit of intraluminal contents
35
List concerns for the use of anti-motility drugs to treat diarrhea
Should NOT be used long-term Not to be used with C. diff diarrhea
36
List examples of anti-motility drugs
- Loperamide (Imodium) - OTC - Diphenoxylate / Atropine (Lomotil) – Rx C5 - Difenoxin / Atropine (Motofen) – Rx C4 - Codeine – Rx C2
37
Describe the correct dosing of Loperamide (Imodium)
4 mg initially, then 2 mg after each loose stool MAX OTC = 8 mg/day MAX Rx = 16 mg/day
38
What is a potential risk of Imodium (loperamide)?
Cardiac Risk: Higher than recommended doses can lead to serious heart problems that can lead to death
39
Describe the correct dosing of Lomotil (diphenoxylate/atropine)
5mg PO QID
40
Describe the correct dosing of Motofen (difenoxin/atropine)
2mg (tabs) PO initially, then 1 tab with each loose stool MAX = 8 tabs / day
41
Describe the correct dosing for codeine for the treatment of diarrhea
15-30 mg PO q6h PRN
42
Explain the MOA for absorbents
absorb nutrients, toxin, drugs & digestive juices
43
List examples of absorbants
Psyllium (metamucil) Polycarbophil (FiberCon) Attapulgite Kaolin-pectin mixture
44
Describe the correct dosing of Metamucil (psyllium)
1-2 tsp + 8 oz water 1-3x / day
45
Describe the correct dosing of FiberCon (polycarbophil)
2 tabs QID after each stool
46
Describe the correct dosing of Attapulgite
1200-1500 m / dose after each BM MAX = 8400 mg/day
47
Describe the correct dosing of Kaolin-pectin mixture
5.7g kaolin + 130.2 mg pectin (per 30 mL) 30-120 mL after each loose stool
48
Describe how absorbents are used to treat diarrhea
- Symptomatic relief - Used for some pts with chronic diarrhea when they have trouble forming solid stools
49
Describe the MOA of anti-secretory medications
Acts by reducing secretions in the gut Bismuth subsalicylate shown to have antimicrobial & anti-inflammatory effects
50
List examples of antisecretory drugs
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate)
51
Describe the correct dosing of Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate)
2 tabs (30 mL) q 30-60 minutes PRN MAX = 8 doses / 24 hours
52
Describe SEs of Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate)
Causes stools & tongue to turn black
53
When should Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate) be avoided?
Avoid in pts who should not take salicylates

PHRM 825 - Exam 6 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions