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PHRM 825 - Exam 6 > LECTURES 59 & 60 - micronutrients > Flashcards

LECTURES 59 & 60 - micronutrients Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Define EAR

A

“estimated average requirement”

The amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of 50% of the healthy individuals in an age & gender group

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2
Q

Define RDA

A

“recommended dietary allowance”

  • Two standard deviations above the EAR
  • Sufficient to meet the need of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a group
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3
Q

Define AI

A

“adequate intake”

  • Used when scientific evidence is inadequate to set an EAR
  • Approximations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population
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4
Q

Define UL

A

“tolerable upper intake levels”

The maximum level of daily intake of a nutrient without any health risk

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5
Q

List fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

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6
Q

List water-soluble vitamins

A

Group of vitamin B’s
Vitamin C

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7
Q

List other names for Vitamin A

A

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

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8
Q

Describe the function of Δ11-cis-retinal

A

reversibly associates with opsins and function as light sensor

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9
Q

Describe the function off retinoic acid

A
  • Functions as hormones
  • Regulates cell growth & differentiation
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10
Q

Describe carotenoids

A

effective antioxidants → may reduce risk of cancers

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11
Q

Describe where/how Vitamin A is stored

A

Stored in the liver as retinol palmitate

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12
Q

Describe the function of Vitamin D

A

Function as steroid hormones maintaining calcium homeostasis

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13
Q

Describe how Vitamin D is made

A
  • Synthesized from an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis
  • Produced photochemically in the skin
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14
Q

How does Vitamin E occur in the diet?

A

Occurs in the diet as tocopherols & tocotrienols

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15
Q

Describe the effect of Vitamin E on CVD risk

A

Reduces the risk of CVD by preventing oxidation of LDL

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16
Q

Describe the function of Vitamin E

A
  • Naturally occurring antioxidants protecting unsaturated fatty acids
  • Accumulate in circulating lipoproteins, cellular membranes & fat deposits
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17
Q

What is Vitamin K ESSENTIAL for?

A

blood clotting
bone mineralization

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18
Q

Describe the general function of Vitamin k

A

Required for post-translational modification of glutamic acid residues →
γ- carboxyglutamic acid residues

Carboxyglutamic acids allow proteins to bind to Ca2+

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19
Q

Describe how Vitamin K contributes to blood clotting

A
  • Several proteins involved in blood coagulation require γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues for Ca2+ binding
  • In the carboxylation reaction, vitamin K is converted to an inactive epoxide form
  • Regeneration of the active form requires vitamin K epoxide reductase
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20
Q

Describe how Vitamin K contributes to bone mineralization

A

Several proteins require γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues for binding to hydroxyapatite

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21
Q

Name the enzyme responsible for regenerating the active form of Vitamin K after it has been converted to an inactive epoxide form

A

vitamin K epoxide reductase

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22
Q

What vitamin is Thiamin

A

Vitamin B1

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23
Q

What is Thiamin (Vit. B1) rapidly converted to?

A

thiamin pyrophosphate & thiamin triphosphate

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24
Q

Describe the function of Thiamin pyrophosphate

A
  • Functions as a cofactor in enzymatic catalysis
  • Thiazole ring forms a carbanion (strong nucleophile)
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25
Describe the function of Thiamin triphosphate
Functions in transmission of nerve impulse in peripheral nerve membranes
26
What vitamin is Riboflavin?
Vitamin B2
27
Describe the function of Riboflavin (Vit. B2)
Precursor of cofactors used in many redox reactions: Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
28
What vitamin is Niacin?
Vitamin B3
29
In what form does Niacin (Vit. B3) exist in the diet as?
niacin (nicotinic acid) & niacinamide (nicotinamide)
30
Describe the function of Niacin (Vit. B3)
Converted to cofactors → NAD & NADP - Electron acceptors or hydrogen donors - Essential in many redox reactions & cellular respiration - NAD is also used for ADP-ribosylation
31
What vitamin is pyridoxine?
Vitamin B6
32
In what form does Pyridoxine (Vit. B6) exist in the diet as?
pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal
33
Describe the function of Pyridoxine (Vit. B6)
Converted to a cofactor → pyridoxal phosphate - Transamination reactions in amino acid metabolism - Synthesis of neurotransmitters - Synthesis of sphingolipids
34
What vitamin is Biotin?
Vitamin B7
35
Describe the function of Biotin (Vit. B7)
- Serves as a cofactor for activation of carbon dioxide in carboxylase enzymes - Covalently bound to lysine side chains in enzymes
36
What vitamin is Folic Acid?
Vitamin B9
37
What is Folic Acid (Vit. B9) converted to?
tetrahydrofolate (a one-carbon carrier in enzyme reactions)
38
Describe the function of Folic Acid (Vit. B9)
- Used in the synthesis of amino acids & nucleotides - Essential for DNA synthesis & cellular proliferation
39
What vitamin is Cobalamin?
Vitamin B12
40
How does Cobalamin (Vit. B12) exist?
as a complex with proteins
41
Lis the reactions that Cobalamin (Vit. B12) is required for in humans
Methionine synthase homocysteine → methionine Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase methylmalonyl-CoA → succinyl-CoA
42
What is another name for Vitamin C?
Ascorbic Acid
43
Describe the function of Ascorbic Acid (Vit. C) as a cofactor
Required for hydroxylation of lysine & proline side chains Necessary for collagen stability Proper collagen stability is essential for: Maintenance of normal connective tissue Wound healing Bone formation
44
Describe the function of Ascorbic Acid (Vit. C) as a reducing agent
- Aids in absorption of iron by reducing it to Fe2+ in the stomach - Protects vitamin A, Vitamin E & some B vitamins from oxidation
45
What are the 2 things that Ascorbic Acid (Vit. C) functions as?
cofactor for several oxidases non-enzymatic reducing agent
46
Name the most abundant mineral in the body
Calcium
47
List the functions of calcium
- Makes bones (proper calcium intake from the diet and exercise maximizes bone density) - Serves as a second messenger - Required for many enzymes - Essential for blood coagulation & muscle contractility
48
Explain why it is vital to maintain constant serum calcium levels
- Elaborate homeostatic control system exists Bones serve as a reservoir - Vitamin D is required for optimal utilization of Ca2+ - Exercise facilitates Ca2+ utilization for bone formation
49
Describe how iron is used in the body
Required for: O2 transport energy metabolism cell proliferation immune defense
50
What is iron a component of?
heme, the cytochromes & non-heme iron proteins
51
Explain why iron homeostasis is highly regulated
Essential for life but also extremely toxic Free iron generates free radicals
52
What sequesters iron in the cell?
ferritin
53
What sequesters iron in the blood?
transferrin
54
Explain the function of iodine
Used for synthesis of thyroid hormones
55
Explain the function of Zinc
Required for many metalloenzymes & zinc finger proteins
56
Explain the function of Copper
Required for many enzymes ex) lysyl oxidase → necessary for collagen cross-linking
57
What is selenium incorporated into?
~25 selenoproteins in humans
58
Explain the function of selenoproteins
- Selenoproteins contain selenocysteine residues (incorporated during translation) - Selenocystyl-tRNA binds to UGA codons in mRNA with a special sequence in 3’-untranslated region
59
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of Vitamin A deficiency
night blindness
60
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of Vitamin D deficiency
- can be caused by lack of exposure to sunlight - RICKETS in young children - OSTEOMALACIA in adults
61
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency
SEVERE: Beriberi (muscular atrophy & weakness)
62
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency
symptoms: angular cheilitis, glossitis, and scaly dermatitis
63
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency
SEVERE & RARE: Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea & dementia)
64
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency
Mild → irritability, nervousness, depression Severe → peripheral neuropathy & convulsions
65
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency
Inhibits DNA synthesis: - Produces abnormal RBCs → anemia - Increases the risk of birth defects, especially neural tube defect
66
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency
When INSUFFICIENT: Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid accumulate, which causes anemia and neurological damage
67
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of Vitamin C deficiency
Capillary fragility (mild): Easy bruising Decreased immunocompetence Scurvy (severe): Decreased wound healing Osteoporosis Hemorrhaging Anemia
68
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of calcium deficiency
Symptoms resemble vitamin D deficiency - May contribute to osteoporosis (results in net loss of Ca2+ from the bones) - Mild deficiency → muscle cramps
69
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of iron deficiency
Iron deficient anemia
70
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of iodine deficiency
Was endemic in inland populations Goiter → an enlargement of the thyroid gland Cretentism → severely stunted physical & mental growth
71
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of zinc deficiency
Children: Poor growth Impairment of sexual development May cause: Poor wound healing Dermatitis Impaired immune function
72
Name disease(s) / symptom(s) of copper deficiency
- Anemia - Bone demineralization - Blood vessel fragility
73
Identify common food sources for Vitamin A
- Dark green & yellow vegetables, liver, egg yolk, butter, whole milk - Produced by carotenoids (organic pigments in plants)
74
Identify common food sources for Vitamin D
Vitamin D milk, saltwater fish, liver, egg yolk
75
Identify common food sources for Vitamin E
Vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids
76
Identify common food sources for Vitamin K
Vitamin K1 → green vegetables Vitamin K2 → synthesized by intestinal bacteria
77
Identify common food sources for Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Milk, meat, eggs, cereal products
78
Identify common food sources for Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Meats, peanuts, enriched cereals
79
Identify common food sources for Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Meat, vegetables, whole-grain cereals
80
Identify common food sources for Vitamin B7 (biotin)
- Wide range of food sources - Deficiency may occur if raw egg white is consumed regularly
81
Identify common food sources for Vitamin B9 (folic acid)
Wide range of food sources
82
Identify common food sources for Vitamin Calcium
Dairy products, nuts, beans, seeds, seaweeds
83
Identify common food sources for Vitamin Iodine
- Best natural source is seafood (fish, seaweeds) - Routinely added to table salt
84
List populations at risk of Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency
May occur in: Populations relying on polished rice for food Alcoholics
85
List populations at risk of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency
Usually seen in chronic alcoholics
86
List populations at risk of Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency
Primarily seen in: Alcoholics Patients with severe malabsorption Elderly on very restricted diets
87
List populations at risk of Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency
May occur when raw egg white is consumed regularly (avidin in egg white forms a tight complex with biotin) Pregnant women tend to have a high risk of biotin deficiency
88
List populations at risk of Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency
Common in alcoholics
89
List populations at risk of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency
- Pts with severe malabsorption diseases & long-term vegetarians - Taking metformin in higher doses / for long periods
90
List populations at risk of iron deficiency
- Common in children & menstruating females - Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may interfere with iron absorption
91
Explain the pharmacological mechanism of warfarin
- Anticoagulant, vitamin K antagonist - Prevents thrombosis - Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase

PHRM 825 - Exam 6 (8 decks)

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