Lecture 7

Question 1

What are structural adaptions

Answer 1

The way some part of the plant is built

Question 2

What are behavioural adaptions

Answer 2

The way some part of the plant acts

Question 3

Example of spines

Answer 3

•Fouquieria splendens
(ocotillo)
•Pereskia grandifolia
(rose cactus)

Question 4

Example of reduced leaves

Answer 4

Butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus) Reduced leaf and flower but not berry
Cacti

Question 5

Example of Poisons/Toxins

Answer 5

•Atropa belladonna
(deadly nightshade) Tropane alkaloids
•Conium maculatum
(poison hemlock) Alkaloid - coniine
•Solanum tuberosum (potato) Glycoalkaloids
•Rheum rhaponticum
(rhubarb) Oxalic acid
•Nerine oleander Glycosides, Saponins

Question 6

Example of succulent leaves

Answer 6

•Jade/money plant (Crassula ovata)
•Kalanchoe sp.
•Aloe Vera

Question 7

Example of a leaf tendril

Answer 7

Blue passionflower (Passiflora caerulea)

Question 8

Example of a leaf tendril with pads

Answer 8

Scarlet trumpet vine (Distictis buccinatoria)

Question 9

Example of storage leaves - bulbs

Answer 9

•Onion (Allium cepa)
•Tulip (Tulipa sp.)
•Daffodil (Narcissus sp.)

Question 10

Example of Carnivorous leaves

Answer 10

•Venus fly trap (Dionaea muscipula)
•Pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp.)
•Waterwheel plant(Aldrovanda vesiculosa)

Question 11

Name the types of plant modifications in the leaf

Answer 11

Spine
Poison
Reduced leaf
Succulence
Leaf tendril
Storage leaf (bulb) Carnivory
Petal
Sepal (e.g. tulip)

Question 12

Name the types of plant modifications in the stem

Answer 12

Thorns
Succulent stem
Corm
Rhizome
Stem tendril
Stem tuber
Stolon

Question 13

Example of Stem Thorns and Prickles

Answer 13

Acacia spp. (thorn trees) have thorns

Roses have prickles

Question 14

Example of Succulent stems

Answer 14

Moringa ovalifolia

Question 15

Example of a swollen stem

Answer 15

Corm

Question 16

Example of an underground stem

Answer 16

Rhizome

Question 17

Example of Stolons/Runners - overground stem

Answer 17

•Spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum) •Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)

Question 18

Example of twinning stem tendril

Answer 18

Cucurbit family (pumpkin, courgette (zucchini), squash)

Question 19

Name the type of plant modifications in the root

Answer 19

•Storage root
•Root tuber
•Prop root
•Pneumatophore
•Aerial root
•Epiphyte

Question 20

Example of Root tubers

Answer 20

•Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
•Cassava(Manihot esculenta)
•Dahlia sp.

Question 21

Example of storage roots

Answer 21

•Carrot (Dacus carota)
•Beet(Beta vulgaris)
•Parsnip(Pastinaca sativa)

Question 22

Example of support roots -adventitious

Answer 22

•Maize (Zea mays)
Stilt roots from lower part of stem

•Banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) Prop roots from aerial branches

Question 23

Example of Pneumatophores

Answer 23

•Mangrove pneumatophores (respiratory roots)
•Swamp or bald cypress (Taxodium distichum)
•pneumatophores (respiratory roots)

Question 24

Example of Aerial roots - Aerophytes /Epiphytes

Answer 24

•Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides)

•Epiphytes include moss, liverwort, lichen, alga, fern, cactus, orchid and bromeliads

Question 25

What is pollination in plant modifications - reproduction

Answer 25

The convolution of plants and insects

Question 26

What is the coevolution for pollination

Answer 26

•Flowers •Insects •Birds

Question 27

Are flowers modified leaves or stems

Answer 27

Modified leaves

Question 28

What is the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world

Answer 28

Amorphophallus titanum Titan arum

Question 29

Write a short note on the Amorphophallus titanum Titan arum

Answer 29

Has developed the odour of rotting animals to attract pollinators which are beetles and flesh flies

Question 30

Example of flowers

Answer 30

Bee orchid Ophrys apifera Mimicry

Question 31

Example of a Glider seed - wind

Answer 31

Asian climbing gourd (Alsomitra macrocarpa)

Question 32

Example of Spinner seed - wind

Answer 32

•Diptocarpus alatus •D. obtusifolius •Gluta usitata

Question 33

Example of a parachute seed - wind

Answer 33

Dandelion (Taraxacum sp.)

Question 34

Name the large tumbleweed in California

Answer 34

Salsola tragus

Question 35

Write a short note on tumbleweeds

Answer 35

Tumbleweeds are pushed along by the wind, scattering thousands of seeds as they roll across open land.

Question 36

Example of Hooks seed -Animal dispersal

Answer 36

Burdock (Arctium sp.) In Burdock they are known as burrs