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NEURO 230 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Can be classified by:
- Their function (sensory, motor, interneurons…)
- Their shape (unipolar, monocular, bipolar)
- The neurotransmitter they express
- Their gene expression patterns
- …

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2
Q

Dendrites

A
  • Branching projections of the neuron that collect information from other neurons
  • Input
  • Have neurotransmitter receptors
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3
Q

Soma

A
  • Cell body
  • Contains the nucleus and integrates information from the dendrites
  • Integration
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4
Q

Axon

A
  • Conducts the neural signal across a long distance
  • Conductance
  • Can vary from millimeters to many centimeters long
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5
Q

Glia Cells

A
  • Cells that are not neurons
  • Estimated to be about half of the cells in the brain
  • Do not fire action potentials
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6
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provide structural support to the neuron/blood vessel, balance chemical concentrations outside neurons, injury repair

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7
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Wrap neurons with myelin (myelination), speeding up neuronal electrical signaling

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7
Q

Microglia

A

Provide immune defense by consuming and destroying foreign bodies in the brain; smaller than astrocyte

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8
Q

Synapse

A
  • Spaces between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron
  • Where neurotransmitters are released between pre-synaptic to post-synaptic neurons
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9
Q

Voltage

A

Difference in electric potential between two points (water dam as an example)

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10
Q

Resting Potential

A
  • Voltage of a neuron at rest; before the action starts
  • ~-70mV for neurons
  • Is determined by ion concentrations
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11
Q

Important Ions

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+

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12
Q

Chemical Forces

A

Ions move from high to low concentration

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

The spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides

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14
Q

Electrical Forces

A

Ions are repelled by ions with the same charge and attracted to those with opposite charges

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15
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A
  • Protein that sits in between the membrane of a neuron
    Ejects 3 Na+ ions and pulls in 3 K+ ions
  • Energy (ATP) is needed for this process
  • Results in net negativity inside the neuron
16
Q

Action Potential Steps

A
  1. Depolarization above threshold ~-55mV opens voltage-gated Na+ channels
  2. Sodium rushes into the cell due to concentration gradient resulting in further depolarization
  3. At peak voltage ~30mV, Na+ channels close, this stops depolarization and starts repolarization
  4. Starts refractory period, lasting about 1ms
  5. The high voltage opens voltage-gated K+ channels
  6. K+ leaves the cell strengthening repolarization
  7. Hyperpolarization slowly closes K+ channels (afterhypoerpolarization)
  8. inactivated sodium channels cause a refractory period where a new AP cannot be initiated
    - Speed of action AP’s is ~1000AP/s
17
Q

Depolarization

A
  • Membrane potential becomes less negative
18
Q

Hyperpolarization

A
  • Membrane potential becomes more negative
19
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

Established by Ramon y Canal, states that the brain is made of many small, discrete cells

20
Q

Terminal branches/axon terminals

A
  • Releases information to dendrites of other neurons
  • Output
  • Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are found here
21
Q

All-or-None Principle

A

Action potential either happens or does not, there are no partial action potentials

22
Q

Why are Pufferfish Poisonous?

A
  • Contains lethal tetrodotozin (TTX)- a Na+ channel blocker
  • Blocks action potentials
    -Causes paralysis and respiratory failure
23
Q

Lidocaine and Novocaine

A
  • Local anesthetics
  • Block Na+ channels, preventing action potentials in pain-sensitive neurons, blocking signaling to the brain
  • Used to relieve pain
24
Q

Axon Hillock

A
  • Where AP is generated
  • Between soma and axon
  • The depolarizing current formed by the Na+ influx flows down the neuron, depolarizing the next part of the neuron
  • Na+ channel inactivation prevents action potential reversal
25
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells.

26
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

describes the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon, speeding the arrival of the impulse at the nerve terminal in comparison with the slower continuous progression of depolarization spreading down an unmyelinated axon

27
Q

Myelin

A
  • Fatty substance wrapped around axons
  • Like insulation around electrical wire
  • In CNS formed by oligodendrocytes; in PNS: schwann cells
  • Speeds up AP from 2m/s to 120m/s
28
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Disease in which the myelin around neurons degrades
  • Symptoms include vision problems, muscle weakness, trouble with movement and coordination, cognitive impairments
29
Q

Neurotransmission/Neurotransmitter Release Steps

A
  • Release of a neurotransmitter from a pre-synaptic to a post-synaptic neuron
    1. Arrival of the action potential opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels
    2. Ca2+ rushes into the neuron
    3. Vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
    4. Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors
30
Q

Pre-Synaptic Neurons

A
  • Neuron firing the signal
31
Q

Post-Synaptic Neurons

A
  • Neuron receiving the signal
32
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A
  • Space in between 2 neurons where neurotransmission occurs
33
Q

Vesicles

A
  • Small lumps of neurotransmitter
34
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A
  • ## Causes an opening of an ion channel upon neurotransmitter binding onto post-synaptic neuron
35
Q

Metabatropic Receptors

A

a type of membrane receptor that initiates a number of metabolic steps to modulate cell activity

36
Q

EPSP

A
  • Excitatory post-synaptic potential
  • Causes depolarizations
  • Makes post-synaptic cell more likely to fire an AP
37
Q

IPSP

A
  • Inhibitory post-synaptic potential
  • Causes hyperpolarizaiton
  • makes postsynaptic cell less likely to fire and AP
38
Q

Post-Synaptic Potentials

A

Ion entry/exit following neurotransmitter binding onto receptors changes membrane potential

NEURO 230 (24 decks)

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