Lecture 7

Question 1

What is the name of C1?

Answer 1

Atlas

Question 2

What is the name of C2?

Answer 2

Axis

Question 3

What are the three ligaments of the atlas and axis?

Answer 3

Cruciate ligament

alar ligament

apical ligament

Question 4

What does the cruciate ligament do?

Answer 4

holds the dens in place during rotation of the head (has three bands)

Question 5

Alar ligament placement?

Answer 5

laterally from dens to the skull

Question 6

Apical ligament placement?

Answer 6

This ligament is deep to the cruciate ligament

attaches the dens to the skull

Question 7

What does the movement of all three Atlanto-axial joints allow?

Answer 7

The movement of the head side to side

Question 8

What joint allows for the head to nod?

Answer 8

The atlanto-occipital joint

Question 9

What happens if the transverse ligament (cruciate) of the atlas ruptures?

Answer 9

The dens or the odontoid process with push against the spinal cord and may cause injury

Question 10

What are the five spinal ligaments?

Answer 10

1. Anterior longitudinal ligament
2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
3. ligamentum flavum
4. Interspinous ligament
5. supraspinous ligament

Question 11

What do the five spinal ligaments do?

Answer 11

allow for the flexion and extension of the spine, while keeping the bones aligned (support)

Question 12

Kyphosis?

Answer 12

an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature, leading to a posterior protrusion of the spine

“hunchback”

Question 13

Lordosis?

Answer 13

The anterior tilting of the pelvis with an increased inward curve of the spine in the lumbar region.

Question 14

Scoliosis?

Answer 14

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

common in young adults

Question 15

How many cervical nerves are there? How are they laid out?

Answer 15

8 cervical nerves

nerves will exit above their respected spinal vertebra

cervical nerve 1 will exit above C1

Question 16

What happens with cervical nerve 8?

Answer 16

Only 7 cervical vertebra, thus cervical nerve 8 will exit below vertebra 7

Question 17

How many thoracic nerves and how do they exit?

Answer 17

their are 12 thoracic nerves

they all exit below their respected vertebra

Question 18

How many lumbar nerves and how do they exit?

Answer 18

5 lumbar nerves

all exit below respected vertebra

Question 19

How many sacral nerves and how do they exit?

Answer 19

5 sacral nerves and below

Question 20

How many coccygeal nerve(s)?

Answer 20

1 nerve

Question 21

Where are two enlargements found?

Answer 21

There is a cervical enlargement and a lumbar enlargement

Question 22

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 22

between lumbar 1 and 2

Question 23

What is the area called where the spinal cord ends?

Answer 23

Conus medullaris

Question 24

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 24

a bundle of spinal nerves that consist of the 2-5 lumbar nerves, 1-5 sacral nerves, and the coccygeal nerve

arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris

Question 25

What artery is used to supply the lower lumbar and sacral parts of the spine?

Answer 25

Artery of adamkiewicz | Great anterior segmental medullary artery

Question 26

What are the arteries of the spine?

Answer 26

1. vertebral artery 2. posterior intercostal artery 3. lumbar artery 4. lateral sacral artery

Question 27

Where do the spinous veins drain?

Answer 27

The internal vertebral venous plexus (Batson's) located in the epidural space

Question 28

When does the Dural sac end?

Answer 28

S2

Question 29

When does the filum terminale end

Answer 29

coccyx

Question 30

What are denticulate ligaments?

Answer 30

21 pairs of fibrous strips of pia mater that extends from the craniovertebral junction to T12 (superior fibers), and inferior fibers run from conus medullaris to T12 and L1. Separates the ventral and dorsal rootlets from each other and helps to hold the spinal cord in place

Question 31

What is a lumbar puncture and where is it done?

Answer 31

procedure to draw out CSF from the lumbar cistern for diagnostic and/or therapeutic reasons the best area is L4/L5 (for both adults and children)

Question 32

What layers do the needle go through during a lumbar puncture?

Answer 32

1. the skin 2. subcutaneous tissue 3. supraspinous ligament 4. interspinous ligament 5. ligamentum flavum 6. epidural space 7. dura mater 8. arachnoid space 9 .subarachnoid space

Question 33

What are the two "pops" during a lumbar puncture?

Answer 33

1st - ligamentum flavum 2nd - penetrates the dura