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Cardio Pulm > Lecture 7 - Histo Of The Heart > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Histo Of The Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the features of smooth muscle

A
  • fibers are fusiform
  • no visible striations
  • low, continuous force
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2
Q

How do SM contract

A

They condense toward focal densities which cause them to shrivel

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3
Q

How are cardiac muscles organized

A

Short, branched and Y shaped with extensive capillaries

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4
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

Transverse junctions at the ends of cells that allow passage of electrical current

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5
Q

What are purkinje cells

A

Modified cardiac muscle cells that act as pacemaker cellsq

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6
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium

A

Outer covering of dense connective tissue (dense irregular)

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7
Q

What are the parts of the serous pericardium

A

Parietal layer, visceral layer, and pericardial cavity

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8
Q

What is the parietal layer of serous pericardium

A

Lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

What is the visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

Covers the outer surface of the heart

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10
Q

What is the space between the parietal and visceral pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity

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11
Q

What are the layers of the heart

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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12
Q

What is in the epicardium layer

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

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13
Q

What is in the myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle

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14
Q

What is in the endocardium

A

Areolar or loose CT AND endothelium

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15
Q

What cell type is found in endocardium

A

Simple squamous; flat cells that reduce drag in the area

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16
Q

What portion of the heart covers the valves

A

Endocardium

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17
Q

What kind of CT is found in epicardium

A

Mostly loose CT but has pockets of dense

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18
Q

What layer do we find coronary arteries? What are they embedded in?

A

Epicardium, adipose

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19
Q

Which layer of the heart has mesothelium

A

Epicardium

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20
Q

What layer is synonymous with visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium

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21
Q

What is the thickest layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

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22
Q

What are contained in the myocardium

A

Cardiomyocytes, nodal cardiomyocytes, myoendocrine cardiomyocytes

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23
Q

What do myoendocrine cardiomyocytes contain

A

Atrial granules; contain precursor of ANF (atrial natriuretic factor)

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24
Q

What does ANF do?

A

Targets kidneys to decrease Na and H2O retention

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25
What kind of t-tubules do myocardium have
Diad
26
What is the orientation of the intercalated disc
Always perpendicular to fibers
27
What is the adhesion site of the intercalated discs
Fascia adherens
28
What are actin filaments at the end of terminal sarcomeres that insert into the interdigitating junction
Fascia adherens
29
What are the 2 types of regions and their subcategories in the interdigitating junction
Transverse - fascia adherens - desmosomes Longitudinal -gap junction
30
What are desmosomes?
They are transverse regions that provide anchorage for the intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton
31
What are gap junctions
Longitudinal junctions that allow excitation to pass between cells since they are low resistance
32
What is the difference between t-tubules in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle
Card - they are diads - 1 t-tubule and 1 SR cisterna Skeletal - triad - 1 t-tubule and 2 SR cisternae
33
What is the purpose of T-tubules
They distribute Ca to all muscle fibers in a bundle which permits uniform contraction
34
What causes liver spots on the skin
Lipofuscin granules
35
What are lipofuscin granules
Small bodies that accumulate with age in stable and non-dividing cells They contain matter derive from lysosomal digestion
36
What are the layers of endocardium
Endothelium (simple squamous) and thin layer of loose CT (areolar)
37
What is subendocardial layer? What is unique
This is a thin layer of CT with smooth muscle that contains purkinje fibers It is only found in ventricles
38
Where are the purkinje fibers in the atria
They are often closer to the endothelium and intermixed with myocardium
39
What is the general path of electrical signals
Sinoatrial (SA) node —> atrioventricular (AV) node —> AV bundle (Bundle of His) —> R/L bundle branches —> purkinje fibers
40
What are nodal cardiomyocytes
Modified cardiomyocytes within the SA/AV nodes that relay electrical signals
41
What are subendocardial branches
cells that transmit signal to ventricular cardiomyocytes
42
What kind of CT is the cardiac skeleton
Dense, irregular CT located in the endocardium
43
What is the purpose of the cardiac skeleton
1. Anchors valves and surrounds AV canals to maintain shape 2. Contribute to interventricular and interatrial septa 3. Extends into the valve cusps and chordae tendinae - insertion of cardiac muscle - electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
44
What does dense, irregular CT have a lot of
Collagen
45
What are the heart valves continuous with
Cardiac skeleton
46
What is the composition of a heart valve
The core is fibroelastic CT (lamina fibrosa) covered by endothelium The fibroelastic layer condenses to form a valve ring (central portion of valve)
47
What are the layers of vessels? How are they different in arteries and veins
``` Tunica intima (innermost) Tunica media Tunica adventitia or externa (outermost) ``` The media is bigger in arteries and the externa is bigger in veins
48
What is in the tunica externa
Fibroblasts, elastin, collagen, vaso vasorum, and nerves The CT functions to keep anchor vessels to an organ
49
What is the vaso vasorum? Where is it found
Blood vessels that feed the layers of larger vessels Tunica externa
50
What is contained in the tunica media
SM, elastic and reticular fibers, and sensory fibers as well as external elastic lamina
51
What is in the tunica intima
``` Endothelium Subendothelium (loose CT) Basal lamina (Type 4 collagen) Internal elastic lamina (allows some of the force of contraction to be absorbed ```
52
Where are the valves of veins contained
Tunica intima
53
Where are elastic fibers found in the great arteries
All 3 layers
54
What are some of the elastic arteries in the body
``` Aorta Brachiocephalic trunk Common carotid Subclavian Pulmonary arterial vessels ```
55
What are the 2nd to largest size of A?
Muscular A
56
What are the characteristics of the muscular A
They have internal and external elastic lamina Proportionally thicker tunica media Most named A are muscular
57
What do arterioles not have
Internal elastic lamina
58
How thick is the tunica intima of arterioles
1 layer thick
59
What arteries are most dynamic in size
Arterioles
60
Sympathetic affects on arterioles? Parasympathetic?
Symp -vasoconstriction = raise BP Parasymp -vasodilation = lower BP
61
How thick is the tunica intima in capillaries
1 cell
62
What is the primary function of capillary beds
Waste drop off and nutrient pick up
63
What controls the flow of blood through caps
Pericytes
64
What brings blood into a capillary bed
Metarterioles
65
What are true capillaries
Branches off of the metarteriole with rings of SM on their walls
66
What is a thoroughfare channel
Direct channel through capillaries without branching
67
What do capillary beds drain into
Postcapillary venule
68
What are some roles of endothelial cells in the capillaries
They support basement membrane Produce collagen Metabolically involved in blood coag and thrombosis Involved in vasodilation and constriction
69
What are the capillary types from most open to least
Sinusoid (discontinuous) , fenestrated, continuous
70
What are some examples of continuous capillaries
Thymus barrier, blood brain, blood and testes
71
What are some examples of fenestrated capillaries
Kidneys, endocrine organs, intestinal walls, choroid plexus
72
What are some examples of sinusoidal capillaries
Bone marrow, liber, and spleen
73
Where is 60% of the body’s blood at rest
Venules - they function as blood reservoirs
74
Do venules have valves
No, but veins do
75
Where do veins/venules usually travel
With their companion A
76
Which veins have well developed tunica media
Med/large
77
What level of veins have vasa vasorum
L
78
What do the pressure differences across capillaries cause
Flow into lymph vessels
79
How are lymph and veins similar
they both have one way valves to ensure that flow is unidirectional
80
how do lymphatic endothelial cells compare to caps
the lymph cells are larger
81
What does a lymphatic vessel lack
basal lamina
82
What layers do lymphatic vessels have
tunica intima, media, externa
83
what should not be in lymph vessels
RBC
84
What does the thoracic dudct drain into
braciocephalic v

Cardio Pulm (22 decks)

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