Random Additions

Question 1

What are the imaging signs of cardiac tamponade

Answer 1

Enlarged cardiac silhouette

Question 2

What is Beck’s triad

Answer 2

Distant heart sounds
Jugular distension
Hypotension

All signs of cardiac tamponade

Question 3

What is a pulmonary meniscus sign

Answer 3

Sign of pleural effusion

Question 4

What is a coin sign

Answer 4

Round light spot on CXR

May be calcified

Caused by tuberculosis, neoplasms, cysts, vascular anomalies

Question 5

What are Kerley lines

Answer 5

Signs of disease such as pulmonary edema, lymphoma and other cancers, pneumonia

Question 6

What is CO used to measure in the body

Answer 6

Oxygen diffusion capacity since CO doesn’t diffuse well but binds tightly

Question 7

What A supplies the pericardium

Answer 7

Internal thoracic A —> pericardiacophrenic A

Question 8

Where does fluid normally accumulate in the lungs

Answer 8

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 9

What is respiratory quotient

Answer 9

CO2 produced/O2 consumed

Question 10

What does the musculophrenic A supply

Answer 10

Anterior intercostal A to spaces 7-9 and diaphragm

Question 11

What is the effect of adenosine

Answer 11

Vasodilator

Question 12

When does renin increase

Answer 12

In response to increased movement

Question 13

What is used for quiet breathing

Answer 13

Diaphragm only

Question 14

What does the truncus arteriosus give rise to

Answer 14

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 15

What does the bulbus cordis give rise to

Answer 15

Smooth parts of the R and L ventricle

Question 16

What does the endocardial cushion give rise to

Answer 16

Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum, AV and semilunar valves

Question 17

What does the primitive atrium give rise to

Answer 17

Trabeculated part of left and right atria

Question 18

What does the primitive ventricle give rise to

Answer 18

Trabeculated part of the RV and LV

Question 19

What does the primitive pulmonary vein give rise to

Answer 19

Smooth part of LA

Question 20

What does the left horn of the sinus venosus give rise to

Answer 20

Coronary sinus

Question 21

What does the right horn of the sinus venosus give rise to

Answer 21

Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)

Question 22

What does the right common cardinal V and the right anterior cardinal V give rise to

Answer 22

Superior vena cava

Question 23

What is the general order of formation of the atrial wall

Answer 23

1. Septum primum grows in and forms and narrows the foramen primum
2. Septum secundum grows down and stops closer to top of heart
3. Septum primum forms the foramen ovale

Question 24

What are associated with problems of the neural cells to migrate

Answer 24

Transposition of the great vessels, tetralogy of fallot, persistent truncus arteriosus

Question 25

Where does blood enter the fetus

Answer 25

Ductus venosus into the inferior vena cava

Question 26

Enlargement of what heart portion can cause dysphagia

Answer 26

LA; presses on the left recurrent laryngeal

Question 27

What is phase 0 dominated by

Answer 27

Movement of Na

Question 28

What is phase 1

Answer 28

Initial repolarization

Question 29

What happens in phase 2

Answer 29

Ca influx and continued K efflux causing repolarization to stall

Question 30

What is phase 3

Answer 30

Rapid repolarization because slow v-gated K channels open

Question 31

What is phase 4

Answer 31

Resting potential

Question 32

What are the 5 T that cause R to L shunting

Answer 32

``` Truncus arteriosus Transposition of great vessels Tricuspid atresia Tetralogy of fallot TAPVR (total anomalous pulmonary venous return) ```

Question 33

What are the symptoms of tetralogy of fallot

Answer 33

``` PROVe Pulmonary stenosis Right ventricle hypertrophy Overriding aorta Vsd ```

Question 34

What are the L to R shunts

Answer 34

VSD>ASD>PDA

Question 35

What are the symptoms of VSD

Answer 35

Increased O2 in RV and pulmonary A

Question 36

What is eisenmenger syndrome

Answer 36

L-> R shunting from uncorrected L->R shunt and then RV hypertrophy and then R->L shunting Late cyanosis, clubbing of fingers, polycythemia

Question 37

What can rubella in mom lead to

Answer 37

PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis, and septal defects

Question 38

What can LHF lead to

Answer 38

Orthopnea (SOB while supine) Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Pulmonary edema

Question 39

What can RHF lead to

Answer 39

Hepatomegaly Jugular venous distention Peripheral edema

Question 40

Where do you hear ASD

Answer 40

S2 sound

Question 41

What is down syndrome linked with

Answer 41

ASD VSD

Question 42

What is tetralogy of fallot linked to

Answer 42

DiGeorge Syndrome or 22q11 deletion

Question 43

What is coarction of the aorta linked to

Answer 43

Turner syndrome

Question 44

What is aortic atresia linked to

Answer 44

Marfans

Question 45

What is a mother with diabetes mellitus linked to

Answer 45

Transposition of great A

Question 46

Errors in what stage of lung development lead to tracheoesophageal atresia

Answer 46

Embryonic

Question 47

Where does the inferior vena cava, esophagus, and aorta pierce the diaphragm

Answer 47

T8, T10, T12 I 8 10 Eggs At 12

Question 48

What increases the compliance of lungs

Answer 48

Emphysema and aging

Question 49

What decreases compliance

Answer 49

Pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, RDS, pulmonary edema Surfactant increases compliance

Question 50

What causes right shifts

Answer 50

``` ACE BATs right handed (when these increase you get a right shift causing decreased O2 affinity) Acid CO2 Exercise 2,3 Bpg Altitude Temperature ```

Question 51

What makes the R main bronchus more likely to get stuff stuck in

Answer 51

Shorter length of R main bronchus

Question 52

What is the cupola

Answer 52

Apex of lung above first rib

Question 53

What has a 1 nerve connection from sympathetics

Answer 53

Nictonics to adrenal gland

Question 54

Which has a long preganglionic? Short preganglionic?

Answer 54

Parasympathetic; sympathetic

Question 55

What is the first area of the lung without cartilage

Answer 55

Bronchiole

Question 56

What has a flattened mesothelium and has extensive lymphatic channels

Answer 56

Visceral pleura

Question 57

What is polymastia

Answer 57

Supernumerary breasts

Question 58

What is polythelia

Answer 58

Acessory nipples

Question 59

Enlargement of the breast in men

Answer 59

Could be a symptom of suprarenal or testicular cancer