Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EXCI 455 > Lecture 7: Laboratory-Based Physiological Assessment of OA > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Laboratory-Based Physiological Assessment of OA Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiorespiratory function (CRF)

A

Overall function of the CV (heart and blood vessels) and respiratory systems (lungs and airways)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Synonyms for CRF

A

Aerobic fitness
Aerobic endurance
Cardiorespiratory endurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two good reasons for testing CRF

A
  1. Provides baseline values prior to commencing a fitness program
  2. Is a key determinant of maintaining independent living (basic ADLs and instrumental ADLS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 ways of measuring CRF in a lab setting

A
  1. Direct method

2. Indirect method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When are direct measures taken

A

During maximal intensity tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the advantages (2) and disadvantages (3) of the Direct measure compared to the indirect measure

A

Advantages:

  1. More accurate: typical error 3-5%
  2. Better estimate of desired intensity

Disadvantages:

  1. Require sophisticated and expensive equipment
  2. Higher risk of adverse events (more stress)
  3. Physician supervision can be required
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are direct measures more appropriate for younger healthy people or athletes compared to OA

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When are indirect measures taken

A

Taken at sub max intensities 75% HR max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Indirect measurements are taken without the use of?

A

Sophisticated equipment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is used to estimated VO2 level

A

Equations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the advantages an disadvantages of the indirect method compared to the direct method

A

Advantages:

  1. Easier to make measurements
    - lower risk for technical issues
    - test is shorter to perform
    - test is less expensive

Disadvantages:
1. Less accurate error: 10-20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the different equipments for sub max CRF tests

A

Treadmill
Leg ergometer
Arm ergometer
Recumbent Stepper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 considerations for choosing the treadmill test

A
  1. Expensive
  2. Not portable
  3. Difficult to measure BP vs. leg cycle ergometer (arms are moving)
  4. May not be appropriate for older adults with balance, gait or weight problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is the treadmill test functionally relevant

A

yes the activity mimics walking which is the most important ADL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The leg cycle ergometer is the preferred testing vs the treadmill for OA with?

A

Balance, gait or weight problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is the Leg CE easy to obtain BP and HR and is it portable

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of the Leg CE

A
  1. Not a functional exercise - ppl who dont ride a bike regularly will have a disadvantage
  2. Can develop localized muscle fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

For non initiated OA, what may be the limit of the CRF test

A

The limit of the CRF test may be the use of equipment vs. their aerobic capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vo2 max is what percent lower on the leg CE vs the treadmill?

A

10% lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The recumbent stepper is the preferred testing for OA with?

A

Balance gait or weight problems

Impaired motor coordination in upper/lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 4 disadvantages of the recumbent stepper

A
  1. Not really functional
  2. Expensive and not portable
  3. Difficult to take BP during test
  4. Recent: limited exercise protocols for testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Can you design your own testing protocol for OA?

A

Obviously, especially for sub max exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The Arm CE is ideal for what type of OA

A

OA with difficulty in ambulation: Wheelchair or bed restrictions
ex: Stoke, SCI, MS etc..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 2 advantages of the Arm CE

A
  1. Portable

2. Relatively inexpensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of the Arm CE

A
  1. Localized muscle fatigue in smaller arm muscles
  2. Lack of functional specificity (unless ur dealing w ppl who cant walk)
  3. Hard to take BP during test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

There are several protocols available for using the treadmill, leg and arm ergometer, how many for the recumbent stepper

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

For OA what type of tests are recommended

A

Sub max

  • indirect measurement of the volume of oxygen consumed per min
  • participants must reach +/-75% of max age predicted HR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the accuracy for predicting VO2 max

A
  • Based on the assumption that HR increases at same rate as work rate
  • error of 10-20%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Is it better to compare workload/vo2 achieved at a given HR from test to test vs. extrapolating to max

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why is the Modified Balke-Ware treadmill test recommended for OA

A
  1. Uses a slow and constant walking speed with small increases in grade every minute
  2. Most appropriate for OA w good ambulation, however has been successful in participants w stroke and parkinsons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The MBWT test can be a bit too long for fit OA, how can it be modified

A
  1. Increase walking speed

2. Increase grade increments

32
Q

What are the reasons for stopping a test (10)

A
  1. Angina like symptoms
  2. Participant is not sweating, feels light headed, feels confused or unsteady, looks pale, has blue lips
  3. BP drops below 20 mmHg from rest
  4. No increase in systolic BP with increase in intensity
  5. Excessive rise in systolic BP above 260 mmHg and or rise in diastolic BP above 115 mmHg
  6. HR does not rise with increase in intensity
  7. Participant has noticeable change in heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
  8. Participant requests to stop
  9. Participant shows physical/verbal signs of severe fatigue
  10. Failure of the testing equipment
33
Q

What is the clinical significance of the CRF tests

A

For a 21 year old, they need to increase HR by 84 BPM but for a 72 year old, they need to increase HR by 46 BPM so CRF tests for OA do not have to be as vigorous and demanding as w younger people

34
Q

The MBWT test is recommended for (3)

A
  1. Healthy and frail OA
  2. Participants w cardiac problems
  3. Participants w chronic diseases and disabilities
35
Q

Why is theMBWT test recommended for such participants

A
  1. Walking speed is slow: 3.2 km/h / 0.9 m/s

2. Slow increase in treadmill grade

36
Q

What should participants do before the MBWT test

A
  1. Record baseline HR andBP
  2. Calculate and record predicted HR max: (207-0.7*age) and 75% HR max
  3. Let the client get used to walking on the treadmill. Instruct the client to:
    - Straddle the belt while holding onto the railing
    - Start the belt moving at 2 miles/hr
    - Let one foot get the feel of the belt speed while keeping the other foot off the belt
    - While holding onto the railings, step on with both feet, stand tall and look forward
    - Try to walk heel to toe with a normal gait pattern
    - Use fingertip support on the handrails until comfortable on the treadmill
37
Q

What should participants do during the test

A
  1. Set the treadmill speed at 2 miles/hr or 3.2 km/hr
    - Speed can be 2.5 or 3 miles/hr or 4 or 4.8 km/hr for better conditioned clients
  2. Increase the grade by 1% every minute (2% for better conditioned clients)
  3. Record HR and RPE at the end of every minute (2% for better conditioned clients)
  4. Monitor clients physical expressions and appearance and symptoms
  5. Stop the test when clients reach 75% HR max, request to stop or any indications for stopping are apparent
  6. Record HR and RPE after stopping the test
38
Q

What should be done after the test?

A
  1. Reduce grade to 0%, clients continues to walk for 4 minutes
  2. Record HR and RPE at the end of every minute
  3. Record BP at the end of the 4th minute
  4. If the test is terminated early due to a health event, remove client immediately from the treadmill and assess their vital signs
39
Q

Specific studies have found pedestrian walking speeds ranging from ___ km/hr to _____ km/hr for OA and from ____ km/hr to ____ km/hr for YA

A

Specific studies have found pedestrian walking speeds ranging from 4.5 km/hr to 4.8 km/hr for OA and from 5.3 km/hr to 5.4 km/hr for YA

40
Q

What is the equation to calculate oxygen consumption at 75% HR max

A

VO2= 0.1 x speed + 1.8 x speed x grade (end of test) + 3.5

41
Q

What units is the speed in

A

meters/min (1 mile/hr = 26.8 m/min)

42
Q

what does 3.5 represent

A

Resting oxygen consumption (3.5 ml/kg/min)

43
Q

How would you use your participants VO2 results?

A
  1. Compare result with VO2 needs (or METs) for performing ADL’s
  2. Pretest-posttest comparison after exercise training
44
Q

What will normally change as a result of training

A
  1. Overtime there will be an increase on VO2 at the same HR level
  2. This indicated that the CRG is improving
45
Q

Why is muscular strength important in OA

A

To overcome sarcopenia

46
Q

What are 2 ways to asses Muscular Strength

A
  1. The 1 RM test recommended for healthy OA

2. Submax alternative to 1 RM for frail OA or participants with phys impairments and disabilities (arthritis)

47
Q

During the 1 RM test, it is important to avoid _____ and decrease _______

A

During the 1 RM test, it is important to avoid multiple reps and decrease risk of injurt

48
Q

What is the objective of the 1 RM test

A

To find the maximum weight a person can lift once

49
Q

How many cycles of adding weight is recommended?

A

3-5

50
Q

What is the first step of the 1 RM test

A

Instruct the client to warm up with light weights (half predicted max)

51
Q

What is the second step of the 1 RM test

A

Instruct the client to complete 3 - 5 reps with a higher weight (60-80% perceived max)

52
Q

What is the 3rd step of the 1 RM test

A

If exertion is close to max, after a 1 min rest ass weight 2.5-5 lbs or 1.1-2.3 kg which is continues until the client can complete no more than 1 rep

53
Q

When is the sub max alternative to the 1 RM test used

A

When contraindications to max intensity (osteoporosis, hypertension, frailty, arthritis…)

54
Q

Can the sub max 1 RM test be repeated in time to measure the effect of a training program

A

yes

55
Q

Why is balance testing important in OA

A

Because it leads to more falls

56
Q

What is balance testing defines as

A

The ability to control the body’s center of mass relative to the base of support (BOS), whether that base is stationary or moving

57
Q

Define limits of stability (LOS)

A

The max distance an OA can move beyond a centered position without altering the BOS

58
Q

What are the 4 measurements of balance

A
  1. Static balance
  2. Dynamic balance
  3. Reactive balance
  4. Sensory integration and Organization
59
Q

What is static balance

A

The ability to maintain the COM directly over the BOS

60
Q

Do OA have greater or less postural sway over their BOS

A

Greater

61
Q

What is the static balance assessment

A

Stand still for a designated period of time (20-30 sec)

  • Eyes open-closed
  • Feet heel to toe
  • One legged stance
62
Q

What does a force plate measure

A

Magnitude and velocity of the postural sway

63
Q

Where is the center of pressure placed during static standing in a hemipareitic OA

A

Shift toward the strong side (strong leg)

64
Q

What is dynamic balance

A

The ability to control the COM while leaning through or moving beyond the LOS

65
Q

What happens when you move beyond the LOS

A

You take a step

66
Q

What is a dynamic balance assessment

A

Lean toward visual targets as quickly and accurately as possible

67
Q

What to dynamic stability tests measure

A
  1. Distance reached forward, backward, laterally and diagonally
  2. Time of rxn
  3. Movement accuracy
68
Q

Is dynamic stability mainly used to testing or training?

A

Both

69
Q

What is reactive postural control

A

The ability to respond automatically to a loss of balance

70
Q

How is perturbation elicited

A

Through a moving motorized force plate

71
Q

How does the force plate move

A

forward, backward and rotates

72
Q

How does a participant with good balance respond

A

Quickly with a counter movement opposite to the direction of plate movement

73
Q

What foes the force plate measure

A

Time and magnitude of reaction to the perturbation

74
Q

What is sensory integration and organization balance

A

The ability to integrate and organize sensory info provided by the visual, somatosensory and vestibular systems

75
Q

What does the sensory integration and organization test measure

A
  1. How well each sensory system is functioning

2. How well the participant maintains upright balance when the info coming from the 3 systems is not in agreement

76
Q

What does the results of the sensory integration and organization test indicate

A

If an OA is at risk of falls in certain sensory conditions (low lighting, compliant surface, busy visual environments)

EXCI 455 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions