lecture 8 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Describe the process of reasoning.
Reasoning involves thinking logically or rationally about something to make decisions, using existing knowledge to draw conclusions, make predictions, or construct explanations.
Explain the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning involves making broad generalizations from specific observations.
Deductive reasoning reaches specific conclusions from general statements or hypotheses.
How does inductive reasoning work in learning contexts?
Inductive reasoning in learning involves making generalizations based on specific observations, such as concluding that reinforcement is essential for learning based on numerous experiments, though the hypothesis may not always be true.
It helps students build general rules or concepts based on specific examples or patterns.
Define conditional reasoning and its components.
Conditional reasoning involves premises structured as ‘if…then’ statements, where the antecedent leads to a consequent, and it can include logical operators like ‘and’, ‘or’, and quantifiers.
What is modus ponens and how is it validated?
Modus ponens is a valid logical rule stating that if ‘If P, then Q’ is true and P is true, then Q must also be true, as demonstrated in the example where nice weather leads to David taking a walk.
Explain the concept of Modus Tollens.
Modus Tollens is a valid logical rule stating that if ‘If P, then Q’ is true and Q is false, then P must also be false.
Describe the difference between Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens.
Modus Ponens affirms the antecedent to conclude the consequent, while Modus Tollens denies the consequent to conclude the negation of the antecedent.
Define the fallacy of Affirming the Consequent.
The fallacy of Affirming the Consequent occurs when one assumes that if ‘If P, then Q’ is true and Q is true, then P must also be true, which is not necessarily valid.
How does the Denial of the Antecedent fallacy work?
The Denial of the Antecedent fallacy occurs when one assumes that if ‘If P, then Q’ is true and P is false, then Q must also be false, which is not a valid conclusion.
Do Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens always yield valid conclusions?
Modus Ponens typically yields valid conclusions, while Modus Tollens is also valid; however, both can be misapplied in certain arguments.
Describe the two types of reasoning processes in the dual-systems theory.
The dual-systems theory includes an unconscious, heuristic-based process and a conscious, analytical process.
Explain the concept of belief bias in syllogistic reasoning.
Belief bias occurs when individuals accept invalid conclusions if they are believable and reject valid conclusions if they are unbelievable.
Define modus tollens and its validity in conditional reasoning.
Modus tollens is a valid form of reasoning that states if A is true, then B is true; if B is not true, then A is not true.
How does prior knowledge influence deductive reasoning according to Markowitz et al. (2013)?
Prior knowledge can affect the time taken to accept or reject conclusions, with limited time leading to different cognitive demands compared to unlimited time.
Do the conclusions in syllogistic reasoning depend on the validity of the premises?
Yes, the validity of the conclusion in syllogistic reasoning depends on whether it logically follows from the premises, regardless of real-world relevance.
Describe the process of constructing a mental model based on premises.
A mental model is constructed by taking premises into account, such as the positions of objects relative to each other. For example, if a lamp is on the right of a pad, a book is on the left, a clock is in front of the book, and a pen is in front of the lamp, one can conclude that the clock is to the left of the pen.
Explain the limitations of mental models in reasoning.
Mental models have limitations, such as not explaining how to decide which information to include. For instance, if a Porsche is right of a Ferrari, a Mustang is in front of the Porsche, and a Beetle is left of the Porsche, the conclusion that the Beetle is left of the Ferrari may be ambiguous due to the last premise.
Define dual-systems theories in the context of reasoning.
Dual-systems theories, such as the heuristic-analytic theory, suggest that when faced with a problem, individuals may use a heuristic process for quick judgments or an analytical process for more thorough reasoning, evaluating mental models based on task features and prior knowledge.
How does informal reasoning differ from formal logic reasoning?
Informal reasoning is based on knowledge and experience, contrasting with formal logic reasoning, which relies on strict logical structures. Informal reasoning emphasizes plausibility, context, and motivation, rather than adhering to formal logical rules.
Assumptions of dual-system
- Singularity
One single mental model considered at a time - Relevance
Most relevant (or plausible) mental model considered based on prior knowledge - Satisficing
Mental model evaluated by analytic system and accepted if adequate
Do dual-systems theories have any limitations?
Yes, dual-systems theories have limitations, including
1. a lack of direct evidence for separate heuristic and analytical processes
2. not explaining how these processes interact
3. assuming that all analytical processing is conscious, which may not always be the case.
