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Semester 2 > Neuro - workshop 2-11 > Flashcards

Neuro - workshop 2-11 Flashcards

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1
Q

W2:
What are common symptoms of CSF leaks?

A

Intracranial hypotension, postural headache, loss of smell, blurred vision, hearing loss, pulsatile tinnitus, seizures, dizziness, neck pain, nausea, vomiting, balance or gait problems, runny nose

These symptoms can vary in severity and may overlap with other conditions.

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2
Q

W2:
What tests are used to diagnose CSF leaks?

A

CT scan, MRI scan, cisternogram

A cisternogram involves injecting radioactive material into the spine.

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3
Q

W2:
What are the primary causes of CSF leaks?

A

90% due to injury, 10% spontaneous (Ehlers Danlos and Marfan syndromes)

Spontaneous leaks can occur without any identifiable trauma.

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4
Q

W2:
How can CSF leaks be prevented?

A

Non-preventable and unpredictable

There are no established prevention strategies for spontaneous leaks.

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5
Q

W2:
What is the primary treatment for CSF leaks?

A

Mostly non-direct conservative treatment of rest and time, in some cases surgery and blood patches

Conservative management is often preferred initially.

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6
Q

W2:
What does a cisternogram evaluate?

A

How cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows around your brain or spine

This test is critical for identifying leaks or blockages in CSF flow.

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7
Q

W2:
What is the triune brain theory?

A

A theory suggesting that certain cognitive abilities, such as language and decision making, are absent in non-mammalian species

This theory has been challenged by findings in species like the Kea bird.

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8
Q

W2:
What significant finding changed the perception of Homo Naledi in relation to human evolution?

A

The PFC (prefrontal cortex) changed the way scientists see the evolutionary pathway of Homo sapiens

This finding suggests a more complex evolutionary history.

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9
Q

W2:
What are the three R’s proposed by Russel and Burch?

A

Replacement, Reduction, Refinement

These principles aim to enhance ethical practices in animal research.

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10
Q

W2:
What does myelination involve?

A

The process performed by Schwann Cells (peripheral NS) and Oligodendrocytes (central NS)

Myelination is crucial for the speed and efficiency of nerve signal transmission.

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11
Q

W2:
What is the function of myelin?

A

Forms insulating coating: myelin sheath

Myelin sheaths increase the speed of electrical impulses along axons.

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12
Q

W2:
What are the differences between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?

A

Myelinated: AP retriggered at each node, faster signal; Unmyelinated: passive spread of current

Myelination significantly enhances conduction velocity.

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13
Q

W2:
What are the advantages of myelination?

A
  • Speed: Faster than unmyelinated
  • Economy: Less Na+ enters during AP’s

Myelination reduces energy expenditure during action potentials.

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14
Q

W2:
What are some reasons for demyelination?

A
  • Hereditary diseases (e.g., Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick)
  • Stroke
  • Infections
  • Immune disorders
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12)
  • Poisons (e.g., carbon monoxide)
  • Drugs (e.g., ethambutol)
  • Excessive use of alcohol

Demyelination can have various causes, leading to neurological issues.

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15
Q

W3:
What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges, neck stiffness, fever, confusion, headaches, nausea, vomiting, seizures, coma, neurological deficits, sepsis

Meningitis can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

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16
Q

W3:
What is the primary test for diagnosing meningitis?

A

Spinal tap

A spinal tap allows for the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.

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17
Q

W3:
What causes bacterial meningitis?

A

Bacterial meningitis is rarer but more serious than viral meningitis; also caused by fungi and parasitic infections

Prompt treatment is crucial for bacterial meningitis.

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18
Q

W3:
What are the prevention methods for meningitis?

A

Vaccination, antibiotics, social distancing

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent certain types of meningitis.

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19
Q

W3:
What treatments are available for meningitis?

A

Antibiotics, antiviral/fungal medications

Treatment varies depending on the cause of meningitis.

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20
Q

W3:
What surgical technique was used for a spontaneous CSF leak repair?

A

Underlay/onlay technique with fibrinogen/thrombin and a nasoseptal flap

This technique helps seal the leak effectively.

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21
Q

W3:
What was the outcome of the surgical repair for the CSF leak?

A

Postoperative control 12 months after surgery did not show recurrence

Successful repair indicates a positive prognosis.

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22
Q

W4:
What are the categories of drugs of abuse?

A
  • Central nervous system depressants
  • Central nervous system stimulants
  • Opiates and Opioids (Narcotics)
  • Hallucinogens
  • Marijuana

These categories encompass a range of substances that affect the central nervous system in various ways.

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23
Q

W4:
What does the ATC classification system stand for?

A

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System

This system categorizes drugs based on their anatomical and therapeutic properties.

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24
Q

W4:
What are the main classifications of psychotherapeutic drugs?

A
  • International Pharmacopeia (WHO)
  • European Pharmacopeia
  • United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

These classifications help standardize drug information across different regions.

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25
W4: Define tolerance in psychopharmacology.
Diminished response to drugs over repeated or prolonged exposure Tolerance results from physiological adaptations that maintain stability in a changing environment.
26
W4: What is acute tolerance also known as?
Tachyphylaxis This refers to an instant short-term effect of a drug on neurotransmitters and synaptic junctions.
27
W4: What is pharmacodynamic tolerance?
Reduction in cellular response to a drug This can involve desensitization of receptors or a reduction in receptor numbers.
28
W4: What does pharmacokinetic tolerance involve?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (ADME) This results in a reduced amount of drug reaching the site of action.
29
W4: What is behavioral tolerance?
Tolerance to a behavioral effect of a drug This can occur through drug-independent learning or as a form of pharmacodynamic tolerance.
30
W4: Define sensitivity in the context of drug response.
Reduction of a drug typically causes an opposite effect to the drug itself This is due to internal systems attempting to maintain homeostasis.
31
W5: What are the three main subdivisions of the brainstem?
* Midbrain (mesencephalon) * Pons (metencephalon) * Medulla (myelencephalon) The brainstem is crucial for various physical and mental functions.
32
W5: What is the function of the midbrain?
* Manages sleep * Arousal * Muscle tone * Movement * Vital reflexes The midbrain plays a significant role in various essential functions.
33
W5: What is the function of the pons?
Connection between cerebrum and cerebellum It helps coordinate movement and is the origin of four cranial nerves.
34
W5: What is the role of the medulla oblongata?
Centre for vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing It is the most caudal portion of the brainstem and a conduit for nerve tracts.
35
W5: What does the term ‘reticular formation’ refer to?
Large interconnected network of nuclei and neurons in the brainstem It integrates input from all regions of the CNS and is essential for life.
36
W6: What is the patch clamp technique used for?
To study ionic currents in individual isolated living cells, tissue sections, or patches of cell membrane This technique is important in electrophysiology.
37
W6: What do single-unit recordings measure?
The electro-physiological responses of a single neuron using a microelectrode system Also known as single-neuron recordings.
38
W6: True or False: Neuroscience is solely based on subjective measurement.
False Neuroscience is founded on objective measurement.
39
W6: What are some subjective experiential factors that psychology is concerned with?
* Intelligence * Motivation * Mental illness * Consciousness These factors are difficult to measure objectively.
40
W6: What is the problem with measuring neural activity in relation to experience?
While brain activity is measurable, it does not explain experiential elements Neuroscience leaves gaps in understanding consciousness and subjective experience.
41
W6: What does Substance Dualism propose?
A field that exists in its own parallel ‘realm’ of existence outside reality This concept suggests that the mind and body are separate entities.
42
W6: What is the main idea behind Emergent Dualism?
Consciousness grows inevitably out of complicated brain stages This perspective suggests that consciousness emerges from physical processes.
43
W6: Define Property Dualism.
A physical property of all matter, like electromagnetism, that scientists do not fully understand This theory posits that consciousness is a fundamental property of matter.
44
W6: What does Pan Psychism state?
All matter has a physical part, and consciousness is the psychic part of our brain This theory suggests that consciousness is inherent in all matter.
45
W6: What is Behaviourism focused on?
Behaviour alone This approach emphasizes observable actions rather than internal mental states.
46
W6: What does Identity Theory propose?
Mental states are physical events observable in brain scans This theory links mental phenomena directly to brain activity.
47
W6: What is Functionalism in relation to consciousness?
Consciousness and its states are functions the brain performs This theory emphasizes the roles and operations of mental states.
48
W6: What is Quantum Consciousness?
A theory suggesting quantum physics may better explain consciousness than classical physics This concept remains speculative and under investigation.
49
W6: Who is Professor David Chalmers?
An Australian philosopher and professor of philosophy and neural science at NYU He has focused on consciousness and related topics since 1989.
50
W6: What is the Synaptic Homeostasis Hypothesis (SHY)?
Proposes that sleep is the price the brain pays for plasticity, restoring cellular homeostasis SHY explains the benefits of sleep on memory and synaptic strength.
51
W7: What is Parkinson’s Disease (PD)?
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement initiation, particularly automatic functions It primarily affects nerve cells in the substantia nigra responsible for dopamine production.
52
W7: What are common symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?
* Tremor * Slowness of movement * Stiffness * Balance issues Symptoms occur when about 80% of dopamine is lost.
53
W7: What are potential causes of Parkinson’s Disease?
* Genetic (10-15%) * Environment (head injury, pesticides) * Ageing The exact cause remains unclear.
54
W7: What is Bradykinesia?
A symptom of Parkinson’s Disease characterized by slowness of movement It is one of the primary symptoms used for diagnosis.
55
W7: What treatments are available for Parkinson’s Disease?
* Self-care (exercise) * Medication (drug pump) * Surgery (deep brain stimulation, ultrasound) Management can help maintain quality of life.
56
W7: What distinguishes Huntington’s Disease (HD) from Parkinson’s Disease (PD)?
Huntington’s is caused by an inherited genetic abnormality with earlier onset Both are neurodegenerative diseases affecting movement but have different causes and symptoms.
57
W7: How is Huntington’s Disease diagnosed?
Through genetic testing, neurological examination, and brain imaging Diagnosis for PD can be more complicated due to symptom variability.
58
W7: What is Nystagmus?
A rhythmical, repetitive, and involuntary movement of the eyes It can be horizontal, vertical, or rotary and is often uncontrollable.
59
W8: What are circadian rhythms?
24-hour rhythmical change in behaviour They regulate various physiological processes including sleep-wake cycles.
60
W8: What is a zeitgeber?
A stimulus that resets the bio clock responsible for circadian rhythm Common zeitgebers include light, temperature, and social cues.
61
W8: What role does melanopsin play in circadian rhythms?
Melanopsin in ganglion cells stimulates the Suprachiasmatic nucleus and inhibits melatonin production in the pineal gland.
62
W8: What is the function of the Ventral Lateral Preoptic Area (VLPO)?
Regulates sleep by inhibiting arousal centers.
63
W8: What is labyrinthitis?
An inner ear infection causing inflammation to the labyrinth, leading to dizziness, nausea, and hearing loss.
64
W8: What are the typical treatments for labyrinthitis?
Usually subsides on its own; may include antihistamines or motion sickness tablets, vestibular rehabilitation exercises for long-term balance issues.
65
W8: What is the vestibular system responsible for?
Maintaining balance and spatial orientation.
66
W8: What are the organs of the vestibule?
Utricle and Saccule.
67
W8: What are three clinical conditions that affect the inner ear?
* Labyrinthitis * Tinnitus * Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
68
W8: What is tinnitus?
Perception of sound without an external source, often linked to hearing loss.
69
W8: What is the most common symptom of labyrinthitis?
Dizziness or vertigo.
70
W8: What differentiates labyrinthitis from vestibular neuritis?
Labyrinthitis affects hearing due to inflammation of the labyrinth, while vestibular neuritis does not.
71
W9: What is prosopagnosia?
Impaired facial recognition despite normal visual acuity.
72
W9: What is the role of the dorsal stream in perception?
Involved in spatial awareness (‘where’ and ‘how’) and guides action.
73
W9: What are the primary functions of the ventral stream?
Involved in object recognition (‘what’).
74
W9: What is the significance of the Fusi-form face area (FFA)?
Involved in facial recognition.
75
W9: What is the role of the medial superior temporal (MST) region?
Responsible for processing optic flow across the retina.
76
W9: What is the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS)?
A system used to assess balance errors during specific conditions.
77
W10: What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
A condition characterized by poor comprehension and fluent but nonsensical speech.
78
W9: What is the neural basis of Wernicke’s aphasia?
Damage to the Superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere.
79
W9: What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia?
Expressive, non-fluent speech with good comprehension.
80
W9: What hormones are primarily involved in hunger regulation?
* Ghrelin * Leptin
81
W9: What is the hypothalamus’s role in satiety?
Regulates the suppression of hunger after eating.
82
W11: What is the definition of sleep?
A natural, reversible periodic state marked by absence of wakefulness and consciousness of surroundings.
83
W11: What is the role of slow-wave sleep?
Restorative functions, removing neurotoxins and free radicals.
84
W11: What is the function of sleep spindles?
Play a role in keeping individuals asleep and memory consolidation.
85
W11: What is the impact of adenosine on sleep?
Inhibits neural activity and promotes sleep.
86
W11: What is the effect of caffeine on sleep?
Blocks adenosine receptors, inhibiting the effects of lack of sleep.
87
W11: What are orexinergic neurons associated with?
Maintenance of arousal state.
88
W11: What is the primary feature of the right side of the brain for language in right-handed people?
Understanding metaphor and simile.

Semester 2 (11 decks)

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