Lecture 9 - Reading & Speech Perception Flashcards
(20 cards)
Describe the word superiority effect.
The word superiority effect refers to the phenomenon where a target letter is more easily detected within a letter string when that string forms a word, as opposed to when it is a non-word.
You favour identifying letters in words that exist
Explain the role of orthographic neighbors in word recognition.
Orthographic neighbors are words that can be formed by changing one letter of a target word, and they can influence the recognition time of the target word.
Define psycholinguistics.
Psycholinguistics is the study of language as it is used and learned by people, focusing on the cognitive processes involved in language comprehension and production.
How do reading and speech perception differ in terms of cognitive demands?
Reading typically involves lower cognitive demands compared to speech perception, which often requires higher cognitive engagement due to factors like ambiguity and the influence of surrounding stimuli.
What are the different types of processing involved in reading?
Reading involves several types of processing, including orthography (spelling), phonology (sound), semantics (meaning), syntax and grammar, and higher-level discourse integration.
Describe the naming task used in reading research.
The naming task requires participants to say a printed word out loud as rapidly as possible, allowing researchers to measure word recognition speed.
Describe the role of phonological processing in word identification according to the strong phonological model.
Phonological processing is central for word identification, suggesting that sounds are accessed when reading words.
Explain the concept of homophones and their significance in phonological processing.
Homophones are words with one pronunciation but two spellings. Errors made with homophones indicate engagement in phonological processing.
Define phonological neighbours and their impact on reading speed.
Phonological neighbours are words that differ by one phoneme. Readers look at words with many neighbours for a shorter amount of time, indicating phonological processing.
How does phonological priming affect word processing speed?
Phonological priming allows words to be processed faster when the prime is phonologically identical, suggesting engagement in phonological processing.
Do brain-damaged patients demonstrate effective reading despite impaired phonological processing?
Yes, brain-damaged patients can have impaired phonological processing but still understand the meaning of words, indicating that phonological processing may not be essential for effective reading.
What are the three levels of recognition units in the interactive activation model of visual word processing?
The three levels are:
1. feature level
2. letter level
3. word level
Involving parallel processing and interaction between bottom-up and top-down processes.
Explain the significance of letter order in reading difficulties.
Too much importance attached to letter order can lead to problems in reading, as individuals may still be able to read text if the first and last letters are in the correct place, even if the other letters are transposed.
Describe the concept of semantic priming in reading.
Semantic priming refers to the phenomenon where a target word is recognized faster if it is preceded by a semantically related word, due to automatic activation of related words or the expectation that a related word will follow.
Define the two major theoretical approaches to reading aloud.
The two major theoretical approaches to reading aloud are:
1. the Dual-route model, which involves two routes between printed words and speech.
2. the Connectionist triangle model, which emphasizes the interaction between orthography, phonology, and semantics.
How does the Dual-route model explain grapheme-phoneme conversion?
In the Dual-route model, grapheme-phoneme conversion is the first route that converts the spelling of a grapheme into a phoneme, allowing for accurate perception of regular words but not irregular words.
Explain the role of semantics in the Connectionist triangle model.
In the Connectionist triangle model, semantics plays a greater role in reading aloud compared to the Dual-route model, as it involves both direct and indirect routes from spelling to sound, emphasizing the importance of meaning.
Describe the different types of dyslexia mentioned in the content.
The types of dyslexia include
1. surface dyslexia, which involves difficulties reading irregular words.
2. phonological dyslexia, which affects reading words and non-words.
3. deep dyslexia, characterized by difficulties with both types and semantic errors.
Describe the process of speech perception.
Speech perception is a complex process that involves
1. identifying phonemes from the speech signal
2. understanding word identification
3. constructing meaning to interpret the speaker’s intended message.
Explain the impact of hearing loss on communication.
Hearing loss can make communication more difficult, particularly in noisy environments, affecting the ability to hear both in noise and in quiet settings.
