Lecture 8: Cellular Division & Specalization

Question 1

how do bacteria divide?

Answer 1

binary fission

Question 2

what does binary fission mean?

Answer 2

1 cell becomes 2 cells

Question 3

DnaA must be ( ) once ( ) is started

Answer 3

inactivated, replication

Question 4

what is the outcome after 10 mins of replication?

Answer 4

only 1 parent strand is methylated & the new strand is not

Question 5

what does hemimethylation mean?

Answer 5

1 of the 2 is methylated

Question 6

what are the 3 steps of cellular division?

Answer 6

1. replication
2. segregation
3. division

Question 7

what system does Caulobacter use?

Answer 7

par system

Question 8

what does partitioning do?

Answer 8

helps divide chromosome to each cell

Question 9

Par A vs Par B

Answer 9

Par B- anchors old chromosome to 1 pole
Par A- pulls new chromosome to other pole

Question 10

what is the function of the divisome?

Answer 10

initiates division

Question 11

what are Fts

Answer 11

cell division proteins

Question 12

what is ftsZ made of?

Answer 12

tubulin

Question 13

what is FtsA made of?

Answer 13

actin

Question 14

what does FtsI do?

Answer 14

peptidoglycan synthesis

Question 15

what is FtsI inhibited by?

Answer 15

penicillin

Question 16

what is the division septum formed by?

Answer 16

Z ring

Question 17

what proteins prevent Z ring formation & keeps Z rings away?

Answer 17

min proteins

Question 18

what does MreB do?

Answer 18

maintain cell shape & recuiting RodA

Question 19

what is the elongasome?

Answer 19

protein that allows cells to be enlongated

Question 20

what does an absence of MreB cause?

Answer 20

coccus/rounded shape

Question 21

what shape does Caulobacter form?

Answer 21

vibrio

Question 22

what does crescentin do?

Answer 22

helps create curve of cell

Question 23

How do you insert new peptioglycan during the cell growth process?

Answer 23

different shapes & insertions

Question 24

where are Rod shaped bacteria inserted?

Answer 24

length of the cell

Question 25

where does polar growth occur?

Answer 25

pole & then septum

Question 26

where is cocci-shaped bacteria formed?

Answer 26

away from Z ring

Question 27

what is a ghost cells?

Answer 27

formed cell without DNA/no chromosome

Question 28

How long are the replication and generation process in E.Coli?

Answer 28

replication- 40 mins generation- 20 mins

Question 29

What type of division is sporulation?

Answer 29

asymmetric

Question 30

what type of bacteria does sporulation occur in?

Answer 30

gram positive only

Question 31

what conditions do spore form under?

Answer 31

unfavourable conditions

Question 32

what are the 2 components of regulatory systems?

Answer 32

1. sensor histidine kinase 2. response regulator

Question 33

what does sensor histidine kinase do?

Answer 33

senses stimuli/environment and passes it onto regulator

Question 34

what does response regulator do?

Answer 34

phosphorylation to change conformation

Question 35

what is the main function of regulatory systems?

Answer 35

transfer phosphate to regulator

Question 36

what are the 7 steps of the sporulation cycle?

Answer 36

1. asymmetric cell division 2. engulfment 3. late sporulation 4. maturation 5. mother cell lysis 6. germination 7. growth

Question 37

what 2 sigma factors are in the spore?

Answer 37

F & G

Question 38

what 2 sigma factors are in the mother cell?

Answer 38

E & K

Question 39

Active Spo0A leads to...

Answer 39

toxic release

Question 40

what is a biofilm?

Answer 40

attached cell community enclosed in a self-induced matrix

Question 41

is biofilm a target of antibiotics?

Answer 41

no, so they are difficult to treat

Question 42

what is Quorum sensing?

Answer 42

how bacteria talk through sensors

Question 43

what is the autoinducer?

Answer 43

talking/signal molecule

Question 44

what does AHL do?

Answer 44

inhibits priming

Question 45

what is AI-2?

Answer 45

cyclic furan derivative

Question 46

what is a riboswitch

Answer 46

RNA that acts as a repressor

Question 47

what are 2 things riboswitches can block?

Answer 47

ribsome binding & RNA polymerase