Lecture 8: Mitochondrial DNA (unfinished ) Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

what DNA markers are shuffled with each generation?

A

Autosomal

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2
Q

Lineage Markers are passed on how ?

A

passed down generations

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3
Q

mitochondrial DNA is inherited from?

A

mum

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4
Q

mitochondrial DNA stay stem same for who?

A

child, mother, grandmother etc. only mutations cause changes

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5
Q

does everyone have mitochondrial DNA?

A

yes

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6
Q

Lineage markers are not as great at identifying people as what?

A

nuclear DNA

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7
Q

where is majority of Human DNA located?

A

in the nucleus

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8
Q

when can it be hard to obtain nuclear DNA?

A

Ancient DNA
Badly degraded
Bone, teeth, hair

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9
Q

if theres no direct relatives to act as refrences, what used instead of nuclear DNA?

A

mitochondrial

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10
Q

where is mitochondria found?

A

cells cytoplasm

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11
Q

what does mitochondria contain?

A

several strands and loops of mitochondrial DNA - can contain 1000’s of copies of DNA

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12
Q

Mitochondrial DNA has a ___ copy rate.

A

high

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13
Q

Mitochondrial main

responsibility is what?

A

Responsible for energy production – 90% of the energy required by the cell

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14
Q

mitochondria converts what?

A

Convert food energy -> Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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15
Q

in every mitochondria how many copies of DNA is there?

A

1-15 copies mtDNA per mitochondria (average 4-5)

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16
Q

why is mitochondria DNA used for degraded samples?

A

because of the high copy number of mtDNA

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17
Q

mtDNA survives traumatic experiences and in ancient tissues because what?

A

It has 2 cell walls ,resistant to nucleases which degrade DNA

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18
Q

mtDNA can be tracked over generations because?

A

No recombination

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19
Q

whats the shape of mtDNA?

A

Circular DNA molecule ( not helix )its a loop

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20
Q

is mtDNA double stranded?

21
Q

what are the two strands of mtDNa?

A

Heavy strand = purine-rich (A/G)

Light strand = pyrimidine rich (C/T)

22
Q

mt DNA has how many base pairs? how many genes does it code for?

A

16,569 , codes for 37 genes

23
Q

what’s the control region in the mtDNA?

A

Displacement loop (d-loop)

24
Q

mtDNA is separated at which part?

A

at the d-loop

25
nucDNA and mtDNA which one mutates faster?
mtDNA mutation rate is 10x greater than for nucDNA
26
what 2 main regions of mtDNA do we go to every time?
Hypervariable region 1 and Hypervariable region 2
27
where are the Hypervariable regions located?
within the d-loop
28
why does mtDNA mutate rapidly?
- Fewer DNA repair mechanisms - a lack of proof-reading capabilities in the mtDNA polymerase - replicates frequently - vulnerable to cumulative damage from free radicals generated by the electron transport chain
29
the d loop is a what region?
a non coding region
30
where do mutations happen in mt DNA?
in the d-loop
31
do the mutation sin mtDNA affect cell function?
no
32
the d-loop does not?
code for nay gene product s
33
why does mtDNA not come form dads?
sperm mid-piece contains around 50-75 mitochondria, small amount
34
how much mtDNA does the egg contain compared to sperm?
mtDNA copy number in the egg exceeds that in the sperm by at least a factor of 1000
35
what happens to the sperms mtDNA?
When the sperm penetrates the egg it is thought that the paternal mtDNA is either actively removed (no evidence), or diluted beyond recognition
36
mtDNA is referred to as what?
a haplotype
37
what does a haplotype mean?
only one copy of the genome
38
How are Haplogroups useful?
- tracking migration | - can show geographical clustering
39
mtDNA vs nucelar DNA, what are the differences?
- 3.2 billion bp fo rnucDNA vs 16569 for mtDNA - mtDNA more copies , Nuclear DNA 2 copies - NucDNA linear structure, mtDNA circular structuren - mtDNA form mum nut from both - nuc DNA unique to individual mtDNA not
40
what percent is mtDNA fo rate total cell DNA?
0.25%
41
how many variable regions ar ether within the d-loop?
3 regions
42
how long id the d loop in terms of bp?
It is ~1100bp long
43
HV I and HV II are found in the ?
control region. no personal info.
44
HV I and HV II have the feastest rate of?
mutation, good for tracking
45
Bases 16024-16365 covers ?
HVR1
46
HVR2 covers what bases?
73-340
47
when is HVR3 used?
when we are struggling with using the other areas
48
what can cause differences in mtDNA?
- substitutions - insertions - deletions
49
stoped at slide
17 pb 1:15