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CELL 302 > Lecture A5, A6 > Flashcards

Lecture A5, A6 Flashcards

1
Q

Changes in cell fate are caused by _____

A

-heritable changes in gene expression

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2
Q

changes in gene expression are done by ______(4)

A

-Gene regulatory proteins (Coactivator,Corepressor)
-General transcription factors
-DNA methylation
-Histone methylation

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3
Q

aging is defined by _____

A

loss of stem cell population

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4
Q

stem cell: each daughters cell produced can _____

A

either remain a stem cell (self-renewal pathway) or become terminally differentiated

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5
Q

exceptions of stem cells

A

-both differentiate
-both remain stem cell

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6
Q

______ regulate how a stem cell divides into two daughters that have different fates

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors

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7
Q

extrinsic factors that determine fate of stem cell

A

-signalling proteins (morphogens)
-cell-cell contact

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8
Q

environmental asymmetry (def.)

A

-the location-dependent extrinsic factor that determine stem cell fate (aka differences in environment determine stem cell fate)

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9
Q

divisional asymmetry (def.)

A

-the intrinsic factor that determine stem cell fate (aka unequal cell division of cell contents like TFs determine stem cell fate)

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10
Q

morphogens can work directly in _______ or via _____

A

-receiving cells (steroid hormone)
-ligand/cell surface receptor pairing

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11
Q

morphogens are ____ that work through ______

A

-extrinsic factors
-autocrine signalling and concentration dependent response

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12
Q

concentration dependent response (def.)

A

concentration of substance (ex. morphogens) determines tissue patterning and cell differentiation

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13
Q

niche (def.)

A

all the environmental/extrinsic factors present for cell (determines cell fate)

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14
Q

when stem cell divide, the orientation of _____ plays a role in developing asymmetry

A

spindle apparatus

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15
Q

Transit amplifying cells are derived from ______

A

stem cell daughter that is committed to differentiation

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16
Q

Transit amplifying cells are not ___ but are _____ and divide multiple times before ____

A

-terminally differentiated
-committed
-becoming terminally differentiated

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17
Q

Stem cells remain in a ‘primitive’ state which means that _____

A

relatively few ‘terminal differentiation’ genes are
active

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18
Q

Commitment (def.)

A

one daughter starts expressing genes characteristic of a specific cell lineage

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19
Q

Lineage (def.)

A

-progressive cell division/differentiation events
leading to a specific type of terminally differentiated cell

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20
Q

Transit amplifying cells aka ______

A

committed progenitor cell

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21
Q

the production of a specific cell type might be regulated by these parameters: ____ (7)

A
  1. Frequency of stem cell division
  2. Prob. of stem cell death
  3. Prob that stem cell daughter will become committed progenitor cell
  4. Division cycle time of committed progenitor cell
  5. Probability of progenitor cell death
  6. number of committed progenitor cell division before terminal diff.
  7. Lifetime of diff. cells
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22
Q

stem cell (def.)

A

Undifferentiated cells that can, via selective cell division, proliferate (symmetric division) or
self-renew and differentiate (asymmetric division) to produce mature progeny cells

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23
Q

Totipotent (def.)

A

-can form all lineages of organism; can form an entire organism (ex. zygote and 1st cleavage blastomeres)

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24
Q

pluripotent (def.)

A

-can form all cells of the body but can’t form an entire organism (ex. embryonic SC)

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25
multipotent (def.)
-adult stem cells that can form multiple cell types of one lineage (ex. hematopoietic SC)
26
unipotent (def.)
-cells form one cell type (ex. spermatogonial stem cells can only form sperm)
27
reprogramming (def.)
-increasing potency (aka dedifferentiation) that can be induced by nuclear transfer, cell fusion or genetic manipulation)
28
transdifferentiation, plasticity (def.)
the idea that somatic stem cells have broad potency and can create cells of other lineages (highly controversial in mammals)
29
3 types of SC
-embryonic stem cells (ESC) -adult stem cells -induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
30
despite the many sources of adult stem cells, they ____
all look similar (not morphologically different)
31
iPSCs are made from ______
fibroblasts using reprogramming factors
32
ESC are derived from ____
embryo inner cell mass of the human blastocyst
33
ESC can form ____ but cannot form ______
-can form all the cell types of a human fetus -cannot form the extra-embryonic tissues
34
morula has this type of cells? blastocyst?
-totipotent -pluripotent
35
stem cell pop'n in your body is typically ___
unipotent
36
During germ layer formation, signalling molecules act in 3D to _____ which ______
-induce the creation of the primitive streak -gives rise to neural crest
37
Neural crest cells (NCC) are _____
-multipotent cells that migrate throughout the embryo and later differentiate into multiple cell types
38
NCC differentiate into: ______ (3)
-the peripheral system -cranio-facial cartilage and bones -pigment and endocrine cells
39
gastrulation leads to _____ SC becoming _____
-pluripotent -multipotent
40
ESC injected into blastocyst become ____
incorporated into inner cell mass of host and forms a healthy chimeric cells
41
ESC experiences _____ as stem cells commit to a lineage
progressive changes in epigenetic marks
42
niche (def.)
a specialized environment within the adult body that maintains conditions such that cells can remain in an undifferentiated state (ex. bone marrow)
43
loss of niche = _____
loss of SC
44
the niche of adult stem cells are formed by ____ (3)
-paracrine + autocrine signalling -surrounding matrix (ex. sugars, proteins etc.) -other cells (ex. osteoblasts in bone marrow)
45
4 genes were necessary for the reprogramming for fibroblasts to form iPSC: ______
OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC
46
general lineage steps
1) stem cells 2) progenitor cells 3) precursor cells (blasts) 4) mature cells
47
lineage cells that have potentiality
1) stem cells 2) progenitor cells -least
48
lineage cells that have lot of mitotic activity
1) stem cells 2) progenitor cells 3) precursor cells (blasts)- highest
49
lineage cells that have self-renewing capacity
1) stem cells 2) progenitor cells- least
50
lineage cells that have typical morphological characteristics
1) precursor cells (blasts) 2) mature cells - most
51
lineage cells that have differentiated functional activity
1) mature cells
52
lineage cells that are unders greatest influence of growth factors
1) progenitor cells 2) precursor cells (blasts)
53
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) (def.)
the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells
54
HSC are derived from this lineage?
mesoderm
55
HSC are produced first by _____ then by _____
-yolk sac (extraembryonic) -embryo itself
56
Primitive HSCs are produced in _____
blood islands in the yolk sac (extraembryonic mesoderm)
57
Definitive HSCs are produced ______ and form _____
-in aortic region in the embryo -long term HSC that migrates to bone marrow
58
The location of your definitive HSC _____
changes during your lifetime
59
at prenatal 1-2 months, HSC is where?
yolk sac
60
at prenatal 2-6/7 months, HSC is where?
liver & spleen
61
at 7-birth months, HSC is where?
bone marrow
62
postnatally, HSC is where?
-tibia, femur (till age 20-30) -vertebra, sternum, rib
63
HSC in adult body _____ as you age
-decrease (biggest drop at 40)
64
HSC lineage example
1) long term HSC 2) short term HSC 3) multilineage progenitors 4) unilineage progenitors 5) terminally differentiated cells
65
Niche of HSC in bone marrow created by _______
-Osteoblast (secretes mineralized bone material) -HSC -Stromal Cells -Extracellular matrix -transit amplifying (TA) cells from other adult stem cell populations
66
stromal cells (def.)
-adult stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, and other types of cells (mesenchymal)
67
Wnt & HSC
Wnt promotes HSC proliferation & differentiation
68
NOTCH & HSC
NOTCH promotes HSC proliferation & inhibits differentiation
69
HSCs are released from the bone marrow to replenish blood cells under the control of ______ and ______ which is why eating spicy food increasing HSC in blood
-involuntary nerves -Pain-sensing nerves
70
general bone marrow niche
-HSCs -MSCs (Mesenchymal stem cells) -Osteoclasts break down bone (remodelling) -Fibronectin (part of ECM) -Endothelial cells (form the blood vessels)
71
MSCs (Mesenchymal stem cells) (def.)
-fibroblast-like cells that can differentiate into cells of several tissues
72
MSC differentiate into ______ (8)
-cartilage -bone -fat (adipose) -muscle -tendon -hematopoietic supporting marrow stroma -hepatocytes (less common) -neural tissue (less common)
73
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) differentiate into ____ (4)
-paneth cell (secrete antimicrobial factors) -enteroendocrine cell (secrete hormones) -goblet cell (secrete mucous) -enterocyte (absorb stuff)
74
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSC) differentiate into _________ (2)
-infundibulum cell (forms hair follicle) -sebocyte (sebum cell)
75
Bmps/TGFB & ISC
Bmps/TGFB inhibits ISC proliferation
76
Wnt & ISC
Wnt promotes ISC proliferation
77
The skin increases in differentiation as it ____
goes up
78
secreted factors of skin epithelia
Wnt and EGF
79
Wnt & HFSC
Wnt promotes HFSC proliferation and prevent differentiation
80
Some adult stem cells are a dedicated cell population, and some can be _____
-induced ‘as needed’ by local changes in signaling and transcription
81
Satellite cells (def.) Following muscle damage, they begin both to _____
- a dedicated (professional) population of muscle stem cells -self-renew and to terminally differentiate into mature muscle cells called myofibres
82
The liver contains no known ______. Following damage, these unipotent progenitors can acquire _____ from which they can ______
-professional stem cells -a bipotential progenitor state (facultative stem cell) -self-renew and give rise to both hepatocytes and duct cells
83
professional vs facultative SC
professional: always present/dedicated facultative: unipotent ell turns back into progenitor to renew other cell types

CELL 302 (18 decks)

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