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CELL 302 > Lecture C1 > Flashcards

Lecture C1 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

RBC were first described by _____ (date?)

A

Leeuwenhoek (1695)

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2
Q

RBC and WBC were described by ____ (date?) by using different stains

A

Beale (1863)

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3
Q

Paul Ehrlich did what?

A

-studied stained blood corpuscles & identified them microscopically

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4
Q

Techniques to study blood (2)

A

-centrifugation: separate blood cells into different density
-blood smear

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5
Q

blood smear steps (4)

A
  1. prick finger & collect blood
  2. drop of blood on slide
  3. use second slide to thinly spread drop & dry
  4. view under microscope
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6
Q

composition of whole blood

A

-plasma: 55%
-erythrocytes/RBC: 44%
-Buffy coat: <1%

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7
Q

plasma of blood is mostly ____ & also contains _____

A

-water
-proteins and other solutes

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8
Q

Buffy coat of blood centrifugation contains ____ (2)

A

platelets, leukocytes

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9
Q

hematopoiesis (def.)

A

making all blood cells

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10
Q

hematopoiesis occurs in ____ during development and aging

A

different locations

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11
Q

In the early embryo, blood cells are made in _____. In the second trimester, blood cells are made primarily in ____ and ___ helps out.

A

-yolk sac mesoderm
-liver
-spleen

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12
Q

In the third trimester, blood cells are made in ____ as the _____ starts to develop in the medullary cavities of the bone

A

-bones (bone marrow)
-bone marrow

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13
Q

Before puberty, ______ contributes to hematopoiesis. After puberty, it shifts to ____

A

-all the bones
-axial bones (vertebra, sternum, rib)

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14
Q

In the embryo, hematopoiesis occurs first in _____ and later at _____ (3)

A

-yolk sac blood islands
-aorta-gonad mesonephros (AGM) region, placenta, fetal liver

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15
Q

Hematopoiesis in each location favours the production of _____

A

specific blood lineages

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16
Q

In adults, _____ (2) are the primary hematopoiesis sites

A

bone marrow and thymus

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17
Q

HSC stands for _____

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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18
Q

The majority of functional adult HSCs reside in the ____

A

bone marrow

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19
Q

Within the bone marrow, HSCs can be located in either _____ regions, where they interact directly or indirectly with _____ that comprise HSC niches

A

-perivascular or endosteal
-different types of cells

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20
Q

HSC niches keep HSC in ____ and activates them when _____

A

-quiescence
-needed

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21
Q

extra-medullary hematopoiesis is what? happens when?

A

-blood cell formation outside bone marrow
-when sick

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22
Q

cells that forms HSC niches

A

perivascular stromal cell

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23
Q

stromal cell secrete ____ (2)which maintain HSC niche

A

-SCF, Cxcl2

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24
Q

All blood cells arise from a single type of ______ in the bone marrow

A

-pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell

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25
pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell are rare, proliferate ___, and forms two lineages: _____
-slowly -lymphoid cells -myeloid cells
26
lymphoid cells produces _____
lymphocytes
27
myeloid cells produces ____ (3)
erythrocytes, platelets, some leukocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes)
28
shape of RBC is maintained by ___
spectrin
29
spectrin (def.)
a unique cytoskeleton protein forming a scaffold that holds the PM in shape
30
spectrin mediates the interaction between _____
actin filaments and the plasma membrane
31
spectrin forms long, flexible ____, binding to a junctional complex (with _____ ) and the network is anchored to PM by ____ (2)
heterodimers and heterotetramers -F-actin -ankyrin, adducin
32
hereditary anemias can be due to mutations in ____ and causes RBC to be ____
-spectrin -easily lysed
33
Advantages of biconcave shape of RBC
-high SA to V ratio causes hemoglobin close to cell surface for gas exchange -flexibility -minimal tension when the volume of cell alters
34
How RBC get their biconcave shape?
myosin interacts with spectrin-actin complex on membrane to cause contraction/tension leading to biconcave shape
35
inhibition of myosin & actin interaction in RBC results in ____
loss of biconcave shape
36
leukocytes aka ____
white blood cells
37
leukocytes are split into 2 groups based on ______
the density of their cytoplasmic granules
38
two groups of leukocytes
-granulocytes -agranulocytes
39
granulocytes characteristics
-type of WBC with cytoplasmic granules -has lobulated nucleus
40
agranulocytes characteristics
-type of WBC without granules -spherical, slightly bent nucleus
41
types of granulocytes (3)
-neutrophil -eosinophil -basophil
42
types of agranulocytes (2)
-lymphocyte -monocyte
43
_____ primary granules or_____
-Azurophilic -lysosomes
44
Primary granules description? role? contain?
-large, dense vesicles -killing and degrading engulfed microorganisms -proteases and antibacterial proteins
45
Secondary granules description? role?
-smaller, less dense vesicles -secretion of ECM-degrading enzymes like collagenases, delivery of bactericidal proteins to phagolysosomes, insertion of new PM components
46
nuclear morphologies of WBC are ____; some cells can be ____
-varied -polynucleated
47
Possible reasons that WBC have polymorphic nuclei (3)
-flexibility when passing through small gaps -low lamin A:B ratio similar to Progeria causing lobulated nucleus -formation of extracellular traps by extending nuclear membrane
48
Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps has two pathways: _____
-NETosis (slow cell death) -Non-lytic NETosis (rapid release from live cells)
49
NETosis involves ______ (4)
-disassembly of nuclear envelope -chromatin decondensation -PM rupture -release of NETs (DNA which is gooey and can trap bacteria)
50
Non-lytic NETosis involves _____
-expulsion of nuclear chromatin -extracellular assembly of NET (that traps bacteria) -this produced anucleate cell that can eat bacteria but is not dead
51
Lymphocytes size? shape of nuclei? description?
-6-15 um in diameter in circulation -spherical nucleir -smallest leukocytes
52
lymphocytes are separated into 3 groups based on _______
cluster of differentiation or CD marks
53
3 groups of lymphocytes
-T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells
54
T lymphocytes differentiate where? B cells, NK cells?
-thymus -bone marrow
55
platelets also called ____
thrombocytes
56
platelets size? function? interesting characteristic?
-2-4 um in diameter -promote blood clotting (has granules with clotting proteins) -not a cell but cell fragments; anucleated
57
Platelets originate by fragmentation from mature ______
-megakaryocytes
58
megakaryoblast mature to form _____
megakaryocytes
59
megakaryoblast size? megakaryocytes size?
-25-50 um -up to 150 um
60
megakaryocytes have several _____ and one has a _____ nucleus from _______
-nucleoli (plural for nucleolus-ribosome production) -polyploid -endomitosis
61
endomitosis (def.)
repeated rounds of DNA replication without cytokinesis
62
Polyploidization in megakaryocytes results from a ______
-late reversal of cytokinesis
63
megakaryocytes lack of cleavage furrow is due to lack of ____
myosin
64
Platelets originate by ______
fragmentation from mature megakaryocytes

CELL 302 (18 decks)

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