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CELL 302 > Lecture B5, B6 > Flashcards

Lecture B5, B6 Flashcards

1
Q

liver is an organ associated with _____. size?

A

-the digestive tract
-largest internal organ

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2
Q

functions of liver

A

-exocrine and endocrine functions
-production of bile
-nutrients absorbed in small intestine are processed in liver before distribution through out the body

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3
Q

Bile function

A

needed for the emulsification, hydrolysis and uptake of fats in duodenum

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4
Q

75% of the blood entering the liver is _____ and comes from _____

A

-nutrient rich but oxygen poor
-portal vein (blood from stomach, intestines and spleen)

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5
Q

25% of the blood entering the liver is _____ and comes from _____

A

-oxygen rich
-hepatic artery

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6
Q

cells of liver

A

-hepatocytes (majority of cells in the liver)-> functional unit
-cholangiocytes (3-5%)

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7
Q

hepatocytes function

A

-synthesis and endocrine secretion of albumin, fibrinogen, apolipoproteins, transferrin into blood
-exocrine secretion of bile components
-converts a.a into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
-detox of toxins/drugs
-a.a deamination which make urea
-storage of glucose as glycogen (triglycerides as lipid droplets)
-storage of vitamin A & other fat soluble vitamin
-remove old erythrocytes by Kupffer cells (macrophages)
-storage of iron in ferritin protein

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8
Q

cholangiocytes function

A

-line bile ducts
-regulate composition and flow of bile

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9
Q

liver formation comes from this germ layer

A

foregut endoderm

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10
Q

liver formation: budding of ___ from ventral foregut endoderm contains ______

A

-diverticula
-multipotent progenitor cells

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11
Q

liver formation also involves ____ and ____ signaling in different domains of endoderm

A

BMP (ventral midline endoderm)
FGF2 (lateral endoderm)

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12
Q

Hepatoblasts expresses ___ leading to formation of liver bud

A

Hex

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13
Q

In response to FGF2 signaling, _______ induce genes required for hepatic cell fate

A

-two pioneer transcription factors FoxA (forkhead Box A) and GATA (Zinc Finger)

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14
Q

Hepatoblasts are ______

A

-bipotental cells (hepatic progenitor cells)

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15
Q

Hepatoblasts + ______ = Hepatocytes

A

-HGF (hepatic growth factor) signals from surrounding cells

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16
Q

Hepatoblasts + ______ = Cholangiocytes

A

Gradients of Notch, Wnt, EGF, TGFβ

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17
Q

Hepatocytes descr.

A

-large cuboidal cells/polyhedral cells
-large round nuclei

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18
Q

Hepatocytes express many TF: ______

A

-HNF4
-CD133- (prominin 1)
-EpCAM

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19
Q

Cholangiocytes descr.

A

-cuboidal cells in smaller bile ducts
-columnar cells in larger ducts

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20
Q

Cholangiocytes express many TF: ______

A

SOX9
CD133+
EpCAM+

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21
Q

Liver is composed of _____ (basic functional units of liver) in which hepatocytes form ______

A

-small hepatic lobules
-hundreds of irregular plates arranged radially around a small central vein

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22
Q

hepatic sinusoid runs between ______

A

plates of hepatocytes and drain into central vein

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23
Q

Hepatocytes plates contain the portal triad between the lobules: ______

A

-venule branch of the portal vein with blood rich in nutrient and low in oxygen
-arteriole branch of hepatic artery that supplies oxygen
-one or two small bile ducts of cuboidal epithelium that are branches of the bile conducting system

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24
Q

In the lives, blood flows past and over each _______

A

hepatocyte cord “bathed in blood”

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25
hepatocellular structure allows for _____
bidirectional cell to plasma and plasma to cell transport
26
Hepatocytes has specialized apical and basal surfaces (distinct apical and basal side) to allow ______
-golgi trafficking/secretion, transcytosis (endocytosis then exocytosis in same cell) and receptor mediated endocytosis
27
Bile secreted from mature hepatocytes is exported sequentially through _____ surrounded by the apical membrane of neighboring hepatocytes, _______ , _________, and, finally, the _____
-bile canaliculi -intrahepatic bile ducts -extrahepatic bile ducts -duodenum
28
Hepatocytes are highly _____ cells. Basolateral membrane faces the _____
-polarized -fenestrated sinusoidal endothelial cells
29
Tight junctions between hepatocytes create ______. Hepatocytes express _____
-canaliculus that surrounds each hepatocyte -Ecadherin, but CD133-
30
Cholangiocyte (Bile ductal cells) form specifically around _____ & has high expression of ______
-portal vein -Neural Cadherin and Ecadherin, CD133+
31
Canals of Hering provide the continuum between _____ and it is also the _______
-the hepatocyte canaliculus and the small bile ducts -hepatic stem cell niche
32
Cholangiocytes are ______ closer to Canal of Hering and are considered _____
-less differentiated -progenitor cells (repair and regeneration)
33
As we get farther from canal of hering ducts become _____
larger (larger cholangiocyte) & more differentiated with distinct apical and basal domains
34
______ occurs in small and large bile ducts and determines the _______ across cholangiocytes
-Active biliary epithelial transport of electrolytes and solutes -absorption or secretion of water
35
cholangiocytes has a _____ that acts as antennae like organelles to monitor _____
-primary cilium -bile composition and flow
36
In hepatocytes, intracellular trafficking is specific to apical (____) and basolateral (______) membranes
-apical transporters/ATP binding cassette proteins -GPI terminated proteins, basolateral targeted proteins
37
Hepatocytes arranged in ____ to fill the space between the central vein and portal vein => forms ____
- cords (plates) -zones where specific functions runs in parallel
38
Zone 1 of hepatic lobule + functions
-aka peripheral zone -closest to portal triad -glycogenesis, fatty acids oxidation, urea synthesis, cholesterol synthesis occurs
39
Zone 2 of hepatic lobule + functions
-aka intermediate zone -Sinusoidal capillaries carry oxygenated blood past hepatocyte to CV. Bile is secretion from the heptaocytes into the canicular channels and transported to IHBD.
40
Zone 3 of hepatic lobule + functions
-aka pericentral zone -closest to CV -glycolysis, lipogenesis, glutamine synthesis and bile acid synthesis
41
cells in zone 1 are called _____
periportal
42
cells in zone 3 are called _____
pericentral
43
zones of lobule are ____ and are dependent on ____. This allows for ____
-dynamic -gradient of Wnt, Hh signalling and hormones -regeneration
44
oxygen gradient between zones
-highest in zone 1 -lowest in zone 3
45
Zonation of hepatic lobule is set up and regulated by ____
Wnt signalling and B-catenin
46
in hepatic lobule, B-catenin competes with ____ for ______
-Hnf4 (hepatocyte nuclear factor) -binding of targets in the nucleus with Tcf/Lef
47
When zoning hepatic lobule for lipogenesis, ______
Hh signalling is also important
48
Hepatocytes in different zones appear ___ but _____
-homogenous but are different in terms of metabolic activity
49
WNT signalling in the zones
zone 3 (highest) zone 1 (lowest)
50
Liver is unique as it is highly ____; Hepatocytes are the first to _____ during regeneration and produce ______ for other cell types
-regenerative -enter the cell cycle -mitogenic signals
51
Liver injury responses can be divided into two groups: _____
1) activates facultative stem cells (not normally a SC - condition dependent) => hepatoycte form duct-like oval cells that have properties of both cells types 2) one that does not involve stem cells - just relgular tissue homeostasis
52
Facultative stem cells are activated if ______. Marked by _____
-injury severe enough or hepatocytes destroyed -CD133, EpCAM, Sox9
53
Pancreas is an _____ organ
endocrine and exocrine
54
Pancreas produces and secretes ____
digestive enzymes and hormones
55
pancreas descr.
-elongated retroperitoneal organ, with a large head near the duodenum and more narrow body and tail regions that extend to the left
56
exocrine cells of pancreas (______) produce ______
-acinar cells -digestive enzymes, which are secreted into tiny ducts that feed into the pancreatic duct
57
endocrine cells of pancreas (______) secrete ______
-islets of langerhans (clusters of cells) -hormones such as insulin and glucagon directly into a capillary network, which also joins the pancreatic duct.
58
pancreas is from this embryonic germ layer?
foregut endoderm
59
foregut endoderm + SHH+ = _____
intestine
60
foregut endoderm + SHH- = ____
pancreatic bud
61
pancreatic bud + NOTCH+ = _____
exocrine glands
62
pancreatic bud + NOTCH-/Ngn3 = _____
endocrine glands
63
pancreas formation: thickening of endoderm leads to _____. Then invagination of dorsal and ventral bud forms ____, part of which then forms _______
-proliferation of pancreatic progenitors -tubes -acinar, ducts, and endocrine cells
64
pancreas: Early endoderm specified and then undergoes extensive morphogenesis and transforms from a _______ to a _____ back to a _____. Branches emerge via ______ as opposed to extension of the bud. During this morphogenesis the epithelium form into distinct _____
-monolayer epithelial sheet -stratified epithelial bud -monolayer as it forms a tubular tree -remodeling of the epithelium -tip and truck regions
65
Pancreatic epithelium multipotent progenitor cels gives rise to _____ lineages; MPCs proliferate to make more tips and _____
-endocrine, exocrine and ductal -bipotent trunk cells
66
Bipotent progenitor + low NOTCH + Ngn3 =
endocrine progenitors
67
Bipotent progenitor + high NOTCH =
ductal cells
68
ductal cells of pancreas expresses _____
Sox9, Hnf1B
69
mature iselts of pancreas are ____
vascularized and innverted
70
acinar cells expresses ____
PTF1-L complex
71
______ are the functional units of the pancreas and eroduce and secrete _____
-The secretory acini (exocrine) -digestive enzymes
72
Acini (rounded secretory unit) are surrounded by ______ that is supported by a ____
-a basal lamina -delicate sheath of reticular fibers with a rich capillary network
73
Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans (endocrine) function of the pancreas involves _____
-primarily smaller cells located in variously sized clusters
74
Acini make up ____ of the pancreas.
-85-90%
75
Each acinus consists of ____
-several serous cells surrounding a very small lumen
76
serous cells of acinus descr.
-apical and basal side -apini are pyramid-shaped cells oriented radially around a small lumen -Apical zymogen granules (protein secreting) -Round and basally located nuclei.
77
Each acinus is drained by a _____ . Initial cells of duct that extend into the lumen are the _____. This duct then merges with ______
-short intercalated duct (squamous or low cuboidal) -centroacinar cells -intralobular and larger interlobular ducts
78
The centroacinar and intercalated duct cells secrete _____- .
HCO3 − rich fluid that hydrates, flushes, and alkalinizes the enzymatic secretion of the acini
79
Acinar cells have abundant number of ____ and zymogen granules that can make _____
-RER (synthesis) and golgi (concentrating step) -20 different digestive enzymes
80
Islets of the pancreas make up ____ of the pancreas
- 1 to 2 %
81
Pancreatic islets are _____ embedded in the _____ . Clusters of _____ cells.
-clumped masses of pale-staining endocrine cells -exocrine acinar tissue of the pancreas -100 to 1000
82
The cells of islets are _____, and more lightly stained than the surrounding _____, arranged in ______
-polygonal or rounded, smaller -acinar cells -cords separated by fenestrated capillaries
83
α or A cells of islets does what?
secrete primarily glucagon and are usually located peripherally
84
β or B cells of islets does what?
produce insulin (L. insula, island), are the most numerous, and are located centrally.
85
δ or D cells of islets does what?
secreting somatostatin, are scattered and much less abundant
86
PP cells of islets does what?
secretes pancreatic polypeptide
87
pancreatic islet cell types
-α or A cells -β or B cells -δ or D cells -PP cells
88
Glucagon, insulin and somatostatin act in a paracrine manner to ______
-affect hormone release in islet cells and nearby acinar cells
89
Epithelial cells usually organize their sensory and secretory functions to their ______ surface respectively
-apical and basolateral
90
B-islet cells localize their sensory and secretory functions to the ______ (displays ____)
-same location at the edges where two cells faces meet at a sharp angle) and vertices -high levels of F-actin/E-cadherin
91
current evidence shows that pancreas does not have ___
SC pop'n
92
If injury to pancreas is severe enough differentiated cells can _____
-dedifferentiate and in some cases become more stem cell like and participate in injury repair

CELL 302 (18 decks)

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