Lecture: Blood Vessels, Pressure, Lymph, and Immunity Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
exchange vessels
A
Capillaries
2
Q
tunica interna has no openings or porous holes: this type of capillary is found usually in the brain
A
Continuous capillary
3
Q
endothelial lining has openings for movement of fluid and blood filtering
often found in kidneys + gut
A
Fenestrated capillaries
4
Q
large openings for larger molecules to get through
found in spleen and liver
A
Sinusoid capillaries
5
Q
capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs)
A
Veins
6
Q
event that constricts or closes artery
A
Vasospasm
7
Q
basis for collateral circulation
A
Anastomoses
8
Q
equation for blood flow
A
F = P / R
or
CO = P / R
9
Q
mean arterial pressure equation
A
Diatolic P + PP / 3
10
Q
MAP equation uses avgs.
A
80 mmHg(d bp) + 40 mmHg(pp) / 3 = 93 mmHg
11
Q
pumps blood 1 way + has valves
A
Muscular pump
12
Q
Uses pressure gradients: The pressure changes occurring during breathing that enhance venous return. During inhalation, pressure decreases in the thoracic cavity and increases in the abdominal cavity creating an upward “sucking” effect that pulls blood toward the heart
A
Respiratory pump
13
Q
bld vs. (veins) uses smooth muscle in tunica media to move blood
(sympathetic NS)
A
Venoconstriction
14
Q
bulging/distending of a bld vs. on ONE side
A
Saccular Aneurysm
15
Q
bulging/distending of a blood vessel on BOTH sides
A
Fusiform Aneurysm
16
Q
pushes through endothelium + stays WITHIN media
A
Dissecting Aneurysm
17
Q
What is the blood flow equation?
A
F (CO) = P / R
18
Q
Effect of epinephrine
A
Increases cardiac output (HR + contractility)
Increases peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
Relaxation of bronchioles
19
Q
Blood volume = normal
Blood vs. become very dilated
A
Vascular shock
20
Q
Bld. vs. dont fill correct and cannot circulate normally (cell and organ damage follows)
A
Circulatory shock
21
Q
Heart is inefficient that it cannot sustain adequate circulation
A
Cardiogenic shock
22
Q
Fluid build up
A
Edema
23
Q
Fluid build up
A
Edema
24
Q
Pumps blood 1 way + has vavles
A
Muscular pump
25
Smooth muscles have smooth muscles in tunica
Venoconstriction
25
Smooth muscles have smooth muscles in tunica
Venoconstriction
26
Effect of angiotensin 2
Increases peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction) (arterioles)
27
Hormone that increases peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
Increases blood volume (decrease blood loss)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
27
Increase peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
Increases blood volume (decrease blood loss)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
28
Medication that can decreases blood volume
Diuretic
29
Part of the brain that controls thirst
Hypothalamus
29
Part of the brain that controls thirst
Hypothalamus
30
Plasma protein made in liver continually + is dormant
Angiotensinogen
31
Where does the aldosterone come from?
From cortex of adrenal gland
32
Increases sodium reabsorption + water retension
Aldosterone
32
Increases sodium reabsorption + water retension
Aldosterone
33
Vasoconstriction is
systemic
34
HPc in arteriole end in capillary bed?
35 mmhg
35
HPc in venous end in cappilary
17 mmHg
36
What is osmotic pressure in the venous and arteriole end?
25 mmHg
37
too much fluid in tissues, not enough absoprtion
Pitting edema
38
How many L a day are filtered through the capillary beds?
20 L
39
How much fluid is reabsorbed into the venous end of cappilaries
17L and the 3L remaining is absorbed through lymph vessels
40
Senses changes in BP and where are they located
Baroreceptors and Aortic arch and Carotid sinus
41
What is the RAA system innervated by
Sympathetic nervous system
42
What do lymph nodes do?
Filter lymph
43
Brings lymph back to nodes
Afferent vessels
44
Fewer vessels than afferent because foreign things are being attacked for longer
Efferent vessels
45
Drains lower lymphatic vessels
Inferior to diaphragm
Cisterna chyli
46
Cancer that spreads through the lymphatic system
Carcinoma
47
Cancer that spreads through blood is
Sarcoma
48
Major lymphatic duct that distributes lymph back into venous system (subclavian + internal jugular that forms brachiocephallic trunk)
Thoracic duct
49
Drains lymph from right arm and head
Right lymphatic duct
50
Responsible for immunity
Lymphocytes
51
Attack foreign cells (antigens) and aid in cellular immunity
T cells
52
Cells that produce plasma cells and are responsible antibody production
B Cells and Humoral immunity
53
Primary lymphoid organs
Thymus organ(superior to heart) and hemopoetic tissue
54
Secondary lymphoid organs
Peyer's patches
Spleen (largest lymphoid organ)
Tonsils
Appendix
Lymph nodes
55
Swelling of tissue
Edema
56
Blockage of lymphatic vessels (cannot get to inguinal node)
Lymphedema
57
Edema
swelling of tissue
58
cells (lymphocytes), chemicals, phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation, fever
Internal defenses
59
Skin, mucosae
Surface barriers
60
Adaptive defenses
Humoral (B cells)
Cellular (T cells)
61
3 Adaptive responses
Specific, Systemic, Memory
62
Makes memory cells (remembers infection)
Memory: adaptive response
63
All cells activated throughout all the body
Systemic: adaptive responses
64
Grafts from different individuals of same species
Allograft
65
Tissue from 1 area to another
Autograft
66
Graft from genetically identical individual
Isograft
67
Graft for different species (heart valves)
Xenograft
68
What are CD4 T cells?
TH (Helper T cells): activate b cells + other cells
TR (regulatory cells): modulate immune response (vs autoimmune)
69
The tracheal rings are composed of what type of cartilage
Hyaline
70
The primary function of the larynx is
Controlling airflow into the trachea
71
Pulmonary venules carry ________ blood, while pulmonary arterioles carry _______ blood
Oxygenated / deoxygenated
72
The left and right lung are morphologically identical:
False
73
The muscles involved in normal quiet breathing are the external intercostal and the diaphragm
True
74
Veins and vessels come from
Splanctic mesoderm
75
Where does the thymus gland come from?
Endoderm
76
Cardioacceleratory
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
77
Vasomotor nerve
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
78
Vagus nerve
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
79
Short term regulation of BP involves what
Hormones and nervous system (symp.)
80
Resistance vessels that control basal motor tone
Arterioles
81
Renin is released from the kidney when…
Baroreceptors recieve signal that blood pressure is too low
82
Long term maintenance of blood pressure
RAA system in the kidney
83
Innate defenses?
Surface barriers: skin, mucosae
Internal defenses: cells, chemicals, NK cells, inflammation
84
Most prevalent immunoglobulin
IgG
85
First immunoglobulin on the scene
IgM
86
Hypersensitivity types:
Type I: Acute allergies: IgE > fatal
Type II: Subacute: IgG + IgM > pollen allergy
Type II: Delayed: contact dermatitis
87
Type II hypersensitivity immunoglobulins
IgG + IgM
88
Type I sensitivity immunoglobulin
IgE
89
Where do b and t cells originate
Hemocytoblasts from hemopoetic tissue
90
When does the thymus gland start to atrophy?
When kids hit puberty
91
Where do B cells gain immunocompetence?
RBM (hemopoietic tissue)
92
Where do T cells gain immunocompetence?
Thymus
93
Largest lymphoid organ
Spleen
94
Pulmonary ventilation:
External respiration
O2 lung to blood
CO2 blood to lung
95
Pulmonary ventilation:
Internal respiration
O2 blood to tissue
CO2 tissues to blood
96
3 opening of diaphragm
IVC, esophagus, aorta
97
Diaphragm is made of what?
Voluntary skeletal muscle and innervated by phrenic nerve
98
What keeps diaphragm alive?
Phrenic nerve: spinal nerve: cervical
C3, C4, C5
99
Where does pleural cavity come from?
Endoderm
100
Boyle’s law
Increase in pressure-decrease in volume
Decrease in pressure-increase in volume
101
Surfactants…
Reduce surface tension
102
Type II Alveolar cells
Septal (surfactants)
103
Dalton’s law
% of gas x 760 mmHg (atmospheric pressure)
Ex: 0.15 x 760 mmHg
104
Respiratory centers
Medulla + pons
105
Normal breathing
Eupnea
106
Labored breathing
Dyspia
107
No breathing
Apnea
108
Increase in amt. of breaths
Hyper apnea
109
Increase or decrease in CO2 levels
Hyper/hypocapnia
110
An increase in CO2 will…
Lower PH > acidosis > coma
111
A decrease in CO2 will…
Raise PH > alkaline > convulsions/tetany
112
Normal blood ph
7.3-7.5
113
Lung collapse
Atelectasis
114
Where are the respiratory centers?
Medulle + Pons
Brain Stem
115
O2 transport molecule is called
Oxyhemoglobin or de-oxyhemoglobin
116
CO2 transport involves
Carbamino hemoglobin
Dissolved in bicarbonate fluid
117
Type 1 alveolar cells lie among
The wall
118
How many breaths per min do infants take?
40-80 BPM
119
How many breaths do 5 year olds take?
35 BPM
120
How many breaths do adults take?
16-20 BPM
121
How many breaths do elderly take?
Raises as the get older, over 16-20 min
122
Reflex in lungs
Herring/Breuer Reflex
123
Pleural layers are derived from
Endoderm
124
What is derived from endoderm
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Gut tube
125
Layers of lung pleura
**Parietal pleura**: mediastinal pleura
diaphragmatic pleura
**Visceral plura**:
126
Layers of lung pleura
**Parietal pleura**: mediastinal pleura
diaphragmatic pleura
**Visceral plura**:
127
^ Pressure, v Volume
v Pressure, ^ Volume
Boyles law
128
How much dead air space do we have?
150 ml
129
Inspiration does what to diaphragm?
Contracts
130
Histamine is a
Vasodilator and shuts bronchioles
131
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
Kidney (for blood filtering)
132
Determines how well someone breathes
Alveolar Respiratory Rates (AVR)
Freq. x (TV - Dead Air Space (150ml))
133
Short term regulation of bld. vol. and pressure are
Short-term regulation: hormones and nervous system (Resistance and Cardiac Output)
134
Long term factors on bld volume + pressure
Long term regulation: RAA system for blood volume
135
When blood PH raises above 7.8
CNS becomes HYPEREXCITED > Tetany > Convulsions > Respiratory Arrest
136
When blood PH goes below 6.8
CNS becomes depressed > acidosis> leads to coma > death
137
AVR (ml/min) equation
= frequency (breaths/min) x (TV - dead space)(ml/breath)
138
Dalton's Law
= % x 760 mmhg (atm. pressure)
