Lecture: Digestive, Endocrine, Metabolism Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
What makes up the digestive tract?
A
Digestive tract; GI tract; Alimentary Canal
2
Q
What is the digestive tract derived from?
A
Endoderm
3
Q
Steps in digestion:
A
- Ingestion
- Secretion: enzymes
- Movement
- Digestion: mechanical and chemical
- Absorption: small molecules
- Defecation
4
Q
3 layers of muscularis in stomach
A
- Longitudinal
- Circular
3.Oblique
5
Q
Event that moves food through esophagus down to stomach
A
Peristalsis
6
Q
Controls passing of food through esophagus down to stomach
A
Gastroesophagel sphincter
7
Q
Secretes gastric juices
A
Gastric glands
8
Q
The pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.
A
Chyme
9
Q
Important for b12 absorption to make RBC
A
Intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia)
10
Q
A compound gland where enzymes + hormones are produced and dumped into main pancreatic duct and into small intestines
A
Pancreas
11
Q
_______ are made from Pancreatic Acini
A
Enzymes
12
Q
_______ are made in pancreatic islets
A
Hormones
13
Q
Breaking apart larger molecules to smaller molecules so it can be digested in GI tube.
Splitting bonds into smaller units.
A
Hydrolysis
14
Q
Enzyme that only works to break down carbohydrates and starts in the mouth
A
Salivary Amylase
15
Q
Largest salivary gland by the ear
A
Parotid salivary glands
16
Q
Salivary glands that is inferior to the mandible
A
Submandibular salivary glands
17
Q
Salivary glands that pair, deep to tongue
A
Sublingual salivary glands
18
Q
Where RBC go to die and filter lymph
A
Spleen
19
Q
Pancreas, liver, salivary galnds, spleen are what kind of organs to the digestive system?
A
Accessory Organs
20
Q
Saliva composition:
A
- 99.5% water –
dissolves food - solutes – salts,
lysozyme, mucus,
salivary amylase
21
Q
Saliva secretion is stimulated by
A
parasympathetic nerves
22
Q
Salivary secretion is triggered by
A
chemical & mechanical stimulation of food to tastebuds
23
Q
How much saliva do we produce a day
A
1-1.5 L per day
24
Q
Begins fat digestion in mouth
A
Lingual lipase
25
Enzyme that breaks down protein in the stomach that comes from chief cells
Pepsin: is a type of protease which serves as the main digestive enzyme in the stomach.
26
Enzyme that breaks down fat in the stomach
Liapse (<15%)
27
What activates pepsinogen into pepsin
HCl - Hydrochloric acid
28
A fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place
Mesentery
29
Pouches + sacs of large bowel
Haustra
30
Smooth muscle of large bowel
Taenia
31
Where is the Plica Circularis + Villus located
Small intesite: duodenum and jejunum
32
A small rounded mass of a substance, especially of chewed food at the moment of swallowing.
Bolus
33
Pancreatic juice contains what
Sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme from stomach
34
2 main hormones that come from pancreas
Insulin (B cells): lowers blood glucose
Glucagon (A cells): raises blood glucose level
35
Hormones released by mucousal cells of the duodenum
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin
Intestinal gastrin
36
Hormones released by mucousal cells (enteroendocrine cells) of the duodenum that stimulate pancreatic juice secretions
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin
37
3 Functions of cholecystokinin (CCK):
Decreases gastric secretions
Stimulates pancreatic secretions
Stimulates contraction of gallbladder to neutralize acid environment
38
Secretin
Stimulates pacreatic secretion with BICARBONATE IONS to lower the acidity in stomach
Why? Enzymes cannot function without PROPER PH
39
Digestive enzyme in the duoedenum (comes from pancreas) that is activated by enteropeptidase (or enterokinase) to break protein down into amino acids
Trypsinogen
Activates into Trypsin
40
Enzymes that further digests carbohydrates that comes from the brush border of the duodenum
Dextridase
41
4 vital enzymes of pacrease
Proteases
Amylase
Lipase
Nuclease
42
Main manufacturing plant of the body and regulates digestions of all food types
Liver
43
Main manufacturing plant of the body
Liver
44
Veins surrounding gut tubes carry nutrients to what organ?
Liver
45
Where does the liver recieve its blood from?
The HEPATIC ARTERY and the PORTAL VEIN
Oxygen-rich blood flows in through the hepatic artery, while nutrients from the intestines come through the portal vein.
46
Aids in digesting fat
Bile
47
Causing to disperse into droplets
Emulsification
48
Cells which make acid and intrinsic factor
Parietal cells
49
Cells which make enzymes (pepsinogen/pepsin) and Gastric lipase
Chief cells
50
Bile concentration can build up and cause jaundice when theres a blockage
Gallstones
51
Organs that remove drugs from system
Kidney + liver
52
Synthsesis of bile salts from cholesterol comes from what organ
Liver
53
Where are all nutrients absorbed from?
Villi of small intestines
54
Cells in villi that aid in digestion
Absorptive cell
Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Paneth cell
55
Metabolites from fat digestion
Ketones
56
Made up of 1 molecule
Monosaccharides
57
Splits carbohydrate/starch molecules to be utilized as energy
Dextrinase
58
Made up of 2 molecules
Disaccharides
ex: maltose G+G
sucrose: G+F
lactose: G+galactose
59
Made up of many molecules
Polyshaccharides
ex: complex carbohydrates like starch
60
Physiology of digestion
-
61
A milky fluid consisting of fat droplets and lymph. It drains from the lacteals of the small intestine into the lymphatic system during digestion.
Chyle
62
Bile salts form (blank). Tiny
droplets that transport lipids to
cells
Micelles
63
Inside cells in lacteals are recombined
into triglylcerides & covered
with proteins to form (blank).
Chylomicrons
64
Reabsorbs water
Produces vitamins
Forms + expels feces
Large intestine
65
Bacteria in large bowel produce what
Gas
B + K vitamins
66
Parotid produces
Mostly serous acini (dark)
67
Submandibular produces
Mostly serous, some mucous (large clear cells)
68
Sublingual produces
Mostly mucous
69
hydrolyzes bound pairs of amino acids, (protein) called dipeptides
Dipeptidase
70
Cells that make mucous
Goblet cells
71
Produces and release hormones in response to a number of stimuli.
ex: histamine, seratonin, CCK (choecystokinin), and secretin
Enteroendocrine cells
72
They are neuroendocrine cells responsible for the synthesis and secretion of gastrin.
G cells
73
Are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells
The pancreatic islets or **islets of Langerhans**
74
Hormone made by adipose tissue and decreases appetite
Leptin
75
Part of the pituitary that stores hormones but does not produce them
Posterior pituitary
76
Hormone that controls overall body metabolism
Thyroxine
77
is a hormone that your parathyroid glands make and release to control the level of calcium in your blood, not your bones. Increases calcium levels in the blood. Stimulates osteoclastin. Works with calcitriol to raise low levels of calcium.
Parathyroid hormone
78
Alpha cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas produce: Glucagon or Insulin?
Glucagon
79
Beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas produce: Glucagon or Insulin?
Insulin
80
Hormone made in adrenal medulla is
Epinephrine
81
Hormone made in adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
82
Where does cortisol come from
Adrenal gland; specifically zona glomerulosa
83
Dueodenum (Brunner) glands in the duodenum controls what
Makes environment in intestines more alkaline by releasing bicarbonate
84
Intestinal glans are also called and do what
Crypts of Liberkuhn and they secrete intestinal juices
85
Enzymes that break down proteins:
Stomach: pepsin
Small intestine: Trypsin, Dipeptidase (enterocyte glands)
Pancrease: Protease
86
Enzymes that break down carbohydrates
Oral cavity: Salivary amylase
small intestine: Pancreatic Amylase and Dextrinase
87
Dark blood in fecal material from small intestine
Melena
88
Blood in stool from large colon
Hematochezia
89
Normal bowel sounds
Borborygmus
90
Where is oxytocin stored and what does it do?
**Posterior pituitary **
Stimulates **uterine contractions** and **initiates labor**
91
Where is ADH stored and what does it do?
Posterior pituitary + Affects **CD + concentration of urine**
92
Which hormone stimulates thyroid to make thyroxine?
TSH
(Thyroid stimulating hormone)
93
Hormones: Mineralocorticoids
Glucocotricoids
Gonadocorticoids
come from where?
Adrenal cortex
94
Causes milk production in mammary glands
Prolactin
95
Endocrine glands secrete directly into what?
The blood stream
96
Exocrine glands secretes through _______ and into _________
ducts, epithelial surfaces
97
What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary store?
Oxytocin and ADH
98
Where is the Thyroid-stimulating hormone produced ? What does it do?
Anterior pituitary, stimulates thyroxine and calcitonin production
99
What does ADH do? Where does it come from?
Stimulates kidney tubule + effects CD + vol. of urine
100
Where does growth hormone come from? Where does it go?
Comes from Anterior Pituitary Gland: Skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage
101
Where does **ACTH (adrenocotricotropic hormone)** come from?
Anterior pituitary glands that stimulate the Adrenal cortex to make:
Zona glomerulose: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculate: glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis: gonadocorticoids (androgens)
102
What does **Leutanizing hormone** do? Where does it come from?
Matures ovarian follicles
Stimulates ovulation
Stimulates estrogen and progesterone
103
**Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)** does what and were does it come from?
helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries, and stimulates sperm
Comes from gonadal cells
104
3 layers of adrenal cortex?
Zona **glomerulosa** (mineralcorticoids) (aldosterone)
Zona **fasciculata** (glucocorticoids) (cortisol and androgens)
Zona **reticularis** (gonadocorticoids) (cortisol and androgens)
105
a hormone that your thyroid gland makes and releases to help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it. Inhibits osteoclast activity
Calcitonin
106
increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain's use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues
Cortisol
107
Hormones that are first bound to protein to dissolve through plasma membrane. All steroid and thyroid hormones
Lipid Soluble Hormones
108
Amino acid based hormones that are freely circulating and possess the shortest half-life.
Water soluble hormones
109
All hormones are produced in what kind of glands
Endocrine glands
(they secrete their product directly into the blood stream)
110
Frequent urination + constant thirt
Decrease in ADH, issue with hypothalamus
Diabetes insipidus
111
2 important nuclei in the hypothalamus
Paraventricular
Superoptic
112
2 important nuclei in the hypothalamus
Paraventricular
Superoptic
113
The 3 symptoms of diabates mellitus
1. Polyuria: increase urine: (sugar + H2O)
2. Polydipsia: increase thirst
3. Polyphagia: increase eating
114
Parathryoid hormone also stimulates the kidney to produce what
Calcitriol; stimulates increase absorption of calcium from food
115
Excess building up of glucocorticoids
Cushing Syndrome
116
What type of glands are:
Pancreatic islets and Pacreatic Acini?
Islets: Endocrine
Acini: Exocrine (glands)
117
What does ANP do? Where does it come from?
Comes from the heart and decreases blood prssure and aids in electrolyte homeostasis
118
What are chromaffin cells?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
119
What does ANP do and where does it come from?
Lowers blood pressure and aids in electrolyte homeostasis and comes from the heart
120
Name the 3 enteroendocrine important hormones:
-Secretin
-Cholecystokinin
121
Where does thymulin come from? What does it do?
Thymus— T-cell and immune system
122
What hormones come from the placenta?
Estrogen: develops + maintains reproductive system
Progesterone: sex hormone, prepares body for pregnancy
HCG: prepares lining of uterus for pregnancy
123
What does leptin do?
Regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger
124
Where does melatonin come from?
Pineal gland
125
Functions of the liver
-**Regulates carbohydrate metabolism** by stabalizing glucose levels via glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis
-**Aids in lipid metabolism**. Makes lipoproteins for the *trasport of fats, synthesizes cholesterol, makes bile*
-**Protein metabolism:** makes plasma proteins, transamination, deamination
126
What do Kupffer cells do and where are they located?
Phatocytize and their found in the liver
127
Secretes lysozymes to phagocytize
Paneth cells
