Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
The study of the form and structure of the body
2
Q
Define Physiology
A
The study of the function of the body
3
Q
Define Metabolism
A
The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body
4
Q
Anabolic reaction
A
The process by which smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger more complex substances
Utilizes energy
5
Q
Catabolic Reaction
A
The process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules
releases energy
6
Q
Properties common to all Organisms
A
Order Reproduction Growth and Development Energy processing Response to environment Regulation Evolutionary Adaptation
7
Q
Property: Order
A
Living cells are the basis for making up a living organisms complex structure
8
Q
Property: Reproduction
A
Organisms must reproduce offspring for the species to live
9
Q
Property: Growth and Development
A
Inherited DNA controls organisms growth pattern
10
Q
Property:Energy Processing
A
Organisms use food to power activities and chemical reactions
11
Q
Property: Response to Environment
A
Uses Stimuli
12
Q
Property: Regulation
A
Organisms regulate internal conditions (homeostasis)
13
Q
Property: Evolutionary Adaptation
A
Adaptions over a long period of time that help an organism survive in its environment
14
Q
Anatomical Position
A
Upright stance Feet flat on floor Upper limbs at side of body Head level Eyes forward Palms face out
15
Q
Levels of Structural Organization
A
Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ System level Organismal level
16
Q
Chemical Level
A
Atoms
molecules
macromolecules
17
Q
Cellular level
A
cells- the smallest living structure
18
Q
Tissue level
A
groups of similar cells performing common functions
19
Q
Organ level
A
2 or more tissue types performing specific functions
20
Q
Organ System level
A
2 or more related organs working together
21
Q
Axial Region
A
Head, Thorax, Pelvis, Abdomen (Anything that isnt an appendage
22
Q
Appendicular Region
A
The appendages
23
Q
Frontal plane
A
divides body into front and back
24
Q
Transverse plane
A
divides body into cranial and caudal
25
Midsagittal plane
divides body symmetrically into left and right halves
26
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right halves
27
oblique plane
divides body at an angle
28
9 divisions of the abdominal region
```
R Hypochondriac
L Hypochondriac
Epigastric
R Lumbar
L Lumbar
Umbilical
R Iliac
L Iliac
Hypogastric
```
29
R Hypochondriac Organs
Liver
Kidney
Gall bladder
Small intestine
30
L Hypochondriac Organs
Spleen
Colon
Kidney
Pancreas
31
Epigastric Organs
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
32
R Lumbar Organs
Gallbladder
Liver
R Colon
33
L Lumbar Organs
L Kidney
| Descending colon
34
Umbilical Organs
Umbilicus
Ileum
Duodenum
35
R Iliac Organs
Appendix
36
L Iliac Organs
Sigmoid Colon
37
Hypogastric Organs
Urinary bladder
| Female Reporductive organs
38
4 Abdominal Quadrents
Upper R
Upper L
Lower R
Lower L
39
Upper R organs
Liver
| Gallbladder
40
Upper L Organs
Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
41
Lower R Organs
Appendix
R Ovary
Upper colon
42
Lower L Organs
L Ovary
Sigmoid colon
bottom colon
43
Define Homeostasis
Steady state of body systems that all living organisms maintain
44
What are feedback loops
Where the output of a circut is returned to the input
45
Negative Feedback
Reverses a deviation from the set point. Maintains parameters within normal limits
46
3 parts of Negative Feedback
Sensor
Control Center
Effector
47
Sensor
monitors a physiological value and reports to the control center
48
Control center
compares value to the normal range
49
Effector
Causes a change to reverse the situation and return to normal range
50
Positive feedback
Intensifies a change in the bodies physiological condition, rather than reversing it
51
Visceral Serous membrane
Lines the organs
52
Perietal Serous Membrane
Lines the walls of the body
53
The Body Cavities
```
Cranial
Vertebral/Spinal
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Mediastinum
Pleural L & R
Pericardial
```
54
Cranial Cavity Organs
Brain
55
Vetebral/Spinal Organs
Spinal cord
56
Thoracic Organs
Lungs, Heart, Esophagus, Trachea, Thymus
57
Abdominal Organs
Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Intestines, Kidneys
58
Pelvic Organs
Urinary bladder, Reproductive organs
59
Mediastinum Organs
Heart, Esophagus, Trachea, Thymus
60
Pleural Organs
Each side contains a lung
61
Pericardial Organs
Heart
62
Potential Energy
Energy of Position
63
Kinetic Energy
Energy of Motion
64
Forms of Kinetic Energy
```
Radiant
Thermal
Sound
Electrical
Mechanical
```
65
The role of enzymes in the body
A catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid.
| Work by lowering the amount of energy needed in a chemical reaction
66
Major Organelles of the body
```
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Centrosome
Cytoskeleton
```
67
Plasma Membrane
Regulates entrance/exit of molecules
68
Nucleus
Storage of genetic info
69
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
70
Ribosomes
Protein sythesis
71
Rough ER
Protein sythesis
72
Smooth ER
Synthesis of lipid molecules
73
Golgi Apparatus
Processes, Packages, and Distributes proteins and lipids
74
Vesicles
Stores and Transports substances
75
Lysosome
Digests macromolecules and cell parts
76
Mitochondria
Cellular respiration, produces energy (ATP)
77
Centrioles
Organizes microtubules in cilia and flagella
78
Centrosome
Organizes microtubules in a cell
79
Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts
80
Cell Membrane components
```
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Structural Proteins
Receptor Proteins
Transport Proteins
Glycoproteins
```
81
Phospholipid function
Form a lipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails. Allows certain molecules to diffuse across membrane
82
Cholesterol Function
Helps keep cell membranes from becoming still
83
Glycolipids Function
Helps cells recognize other cells of the body
84
Structural Proteins Function
Help give support and shape
85
Receptor Proteins Function
Helps cells communicate through neurotransmitters and hormones
86
Transport Proteins Function
Transport molecules through membranes
87
Glycoproteins function
Helps cell communication and molecule transport
88
Osmosis
The diffusion of water through semipermeable membranes.
| Occurs when there is an abundance of solutes outside vs inside
89
Hypotonic
Solution with lower concentration of solutes, water molecules tend to diffuse out of. Causes a cell to swell (eventually burst)
90
Hypertonic
Solution that has a higher concentration of solutes, water tends to diffuse into. Causes cell to shrivel
91
Isotonic
Same relative solute concentration. No water movement
92
Passive Membrane Transport
The movement of substances across the membrane with out the expenditure of energy
EX: Sugar diffusing in a cup of coffee
93
Active Membrane Transport
The movement of substances across the membrane using energy (Usually with help of proteins & against gradient)
EX:Sodium potassium pump
94
Ion Pumps
Transmittable protein that moves ions across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient (through active transport)
95
Exocytosis
The process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport
96
Endocytosis
The process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane
97
2 general cell cycle phases
Interphase
| Mitosis
98
Phases of Interphase
G1
S
G2
G0
99
What happens in G1
Cellular contents are divided (Not the chromosomes yet)
100
What happens in S phase
The cell replicates DNA
101
What happens in G2
Double checks duplicated DNA for errors and makes repairs if needed
102
What happens in G0
Resting phase until Mitosis and Cytokineses
103
Phases of Mitosis
```
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
```
104
What happens in Prophase
Chromosomes condense
Spindles form
Nuclear envelope is not present
105
What happens in Metaphase
Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
| Chromatids attach to spindle fibers
106
What happens in Anaphase
Chromatids seperated and are moving towards the poles attached to spindle fibers
107
What happens in Telophase
Chromatids are at opposite poles
The spindle fibers break down
The nuclear envelope is reforming
108
Function of DNA in the cell
Genetic Makeup
| Long term storage of information
109
Process by which glucose is broken down
Glycolysis
110
What is Glycolysis
An Anaerobic process that breaks down glucose. The 1st step happens in the cytoplasm, the rest takes place in the mitochondria.
Breakdown of 1 glucose produces 2 ATP
111
What is the Citric Acid Cycle
Series of chemical reactions used by aerobic organisms to release stored energy.
Happens in the mitochondria
Produces 1 ATP
112
What is the Electron Transport Chain
Series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Aerobic
Produces 30-32 ATP
