Lecture exam 1

Question 1

What is another name for the forebrain during the 3 vesicle stage of development?

Answer 1

Prosencephalon

Question 2

Cells located at the lateral margins of the neural plate that give rise to neurons outside the CNS?

Answer 2

Neural crest

Question 3

At the 5 vesicle stage of development, what vesicle gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 3

Telencephalon

Question 4

What are the bundles of axons running together in the CNS?

Answer 4

tract

Question 5

The undivided caudal portion of the neural tube becomes this:

Answer 5

spinal cord

Question 6

this layer of the developing neural tube contains axons of developing nervous system

Answer 6

marginal layer

Question 7

At the 3 vesicle stage of development, this region is also known as the hindbrain:

Answer 7

rhombencephalon

Question 8

bundles of axons running together in the PNS

Answer 8

nerves

Question 9

these structures are derived from the cavities in the neural tube

Answer 9

ventricles

Question 10

closed neural groove that develops into the CNS

Answer 10

neural tube

Question 11

what is the middle layer of the 3 layer embryo?

Answer 11

mesoderm

Question 12

what is the midline indentation of the ectoderm that gradually deepens?

Answer 12

neural groove

Question 13

consists of nerves and neural cells that exist outside the CNS

Answer 13

PNS

Question 14

at the 5 vesicle stage of development, this vesicle gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 14

diencephalon

Question 15

at the 5 vesicle stage of development, this vesicle gives rise to the pons and the cerebellum

Answer 15

metencephalon

Question 16

at the 5 vesicle stage of development, this vesicle gives rise to the medulla

Answer 16

myelencephalon

Question 17

this layer of the developing neural tube contains migrating cell bodies of the developing nervous system

Answer 17

intermediate zone/mantle layer

Question 18

this layer of the developing neural tube contains cells that divide and develop into neurons and glia

Answer 18

ependymal layer/ventricular zone

Question 19

this consists of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 19

CNS

Question 20

the most dorsal layer of the 3 layer embryo

Answer 20

ectoderm

Question 21

define what a tract is

Answer 21

a tract is a bundle of axons in the CNS

Question 22

define what a nerve is

Answer 22

a nerve is a bundle of axons in the PNS

Question 23

what is the difference between a tract and a nerve?

Answer 23

what part of the nervous system they are in, a nerve can become a tract once it enters the CNS

Question 24

name the type of membrane channel and associated ion that are involved in the binding of vesicles containing NT to the cell membrane of the axon terminal of a pre-synaptic cell

Answer 24

voltage gated channels/calcium ion

Question 25

name the type of membrane channel and associated ions involved in the generation of fast EPSPs and IPSPs

Answer 25

ligand gated channels/ sodium or chloride ions

Question 26

name the membrane channel and associated ion involved in the generation of an action potential at the axon hillock

Answer 26

voltage gated channels/ sodium ion

Question 27

Name both membrane channels and their associated ions involved in maintenance of the resting potential

Answer 27

leak channels for K+, Cl-, Na+ and electrogenic pump for Na+ and K+

Question 28

For sodium, potassium, and chloride: | a) Describe the relative concentration of each ion inside and outside the axon at rest (comparing inside to outside)

Answer 28

the inside, relative to the outside, has more potassium, less sodium, less chloride, and lots of negative protein anions

Question 29

For sodium, potassium, and chloride: | b) define the two forces (not channels) that maintain those concentrations when the neuron is at rest

Answer 29

diffusion pressure: with diff concentrations on either side of the membrane, ions move down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration electrostatic forces: unlike charges attract, positive attracted to negative

Question 30

For sodium, potassium, and chloride: c) for each ion, describe which forces are moving the ions across the membrane and whether they are moving them inside or outside the cell/axon during the resting potential

Answer 30

- electrostatic forces pull K+ inside, while diffusion pressure pulls it outside - electrostatic forces and diffusion pressure pull Na+ inside - electrostatic forces pull Cl- outside and diffusion pressure pulls it inside

Question 31

Describe a Golgi type 1 neuron

Answer 31

- long axon neurons that carry info from one part of brain to another or from CNS to effector organs such as muscles - larger than type II - primary, secondary, tertiary dendrites distinguished and finest dendrites have spines where synaptic input is located - each neuron has one axon that is thinner than primary dendrites, remaining same length and only branching a little - input onto dendrites or cell bodies and output at axon terminal (1 way communication)

Question 32

Describe Golgi type II

Answer 32

- short or sometimes no axons - smaller cell bodies than I - processes confined to single nucleus or layer, local interactions between nerve cells (association neurons) - dendrites and axons both pre and post synaptic (2 way communication) - more complex the brain, more neurons present

Question 33

Type I synapses

Answer 33

EPSP, excitatory (glutamate or Act NT), found on dendrites, spherical synaptic vesicles 40 nm in diameter, widened synaptic cleft, post synaptic mem with electron dense material

Question 34

type 2 synapses

Answer 34

IPSP, inhibitory (GABA or G NT), found on cell bodies, flat with 25x50nm dimension, cleft not widened, specialized structures on postsynaptic mem in electron micrographs are in clusters, not evenly distributed

Question 35

given what we discussed in class about ASD, what is your understanding of the syndrome and its causations at this point in time?

Answer 35

see other notes