Lecture Exam 4

Question 1

Define short term memory

Answer 1

• memory exists for no more than a few sec or min

- used for comprehending, reasoning, and solving problems

Question 2

Example short term memory

Answer 2

listening, taking notes, reading, and remembering a phone number

Question 3

Define long term memory

Answer 3

• memory of past

- no limit for storage or how long mem last

Question 4

Long term memory example

Answer 4

remembering when you went to Disneyland at age 7

Question 5

Define declarative memory

Answer 5

• memory of general facts, concepts, and knowledge and one’s personal memory for events in the past
• “what”

Question 6

Declarative memory example

Answer 6

remembering that a George Washington is the 1st president of the US

Question 7

Define non-declarative memory

Answer 7

• memory of skills (motor, cognitive, perceptual)

- “how”

Question 8

Non-declarative memory example

Answer 8

remembering how to ride a bike

Question 9

Define long term potentiation

Answer 9

• strengthening of effect of presynaptic input on postsynaptic cell
• excitatory synaptic response of postsynaptic neurons is markedly increased
• effect persists for long time

Question 10

Explain how LTP is both selective and associative

Answer 10

• size of post-synaptic cell’s response to inputs not active during the tetanus (high freq input) is unaffected (selectively)
• inputs activated during tetanus (high freq ap) are potentiated
• simultaneously inputs to cell associated for associative learning

Question 11

Explain, to the extent it was explained in class, what two events have to happen at the synapse in order for LTP to occur

Answer 11

• AMPA receptor bound by glutamate and cell membrane depolarized to -35mV or lower (more + resting)
• depolarization removes Ca channel block by Mg so that NMDA receptor can now respond to glutamate- Ca enters postsynaptic cell, inc Ca active two protein kinases

Question 12

List and briefly explain 1 kinds of neural restructuring that take place in the pre- and post-synaptic neurons once LTP has occurred

Answer 12

1) release of NT from presynaptic neuron enhanced so when excited, releases more NT

Question 13

List and briefly explain 2 kinds of neural restructuring that take place in the pre- and post-synaptic neurons once LTP has occurred

Answer 13

2) more glutamate receptors made and put in lipid bilayer of post-synaptic neuron so more responsive to glutamate in future

Question 14

List and briefly explain 3 kinds of neural restructuring that take place in the pre- and post-synaptic neurons once LTP has occurred

Answer 14

3) glutamate receptor in post-synaptic neuron becomes more responsive to glutamate so EPSPs inc

Question 15

Pick hemorrhagic stroke and do the following

-define, including how common they are

Answer 15

hemorrhagic phenomena: release of blood into the brain or meninges, so that blood makes direct contact with the brain and forms a clot (15% of strokes)

Question 16

Pick hemorrhagic stroke and do the following

-indicate how they cause damage

Answer 16

-damage caused by compression of the brain cells, loss O2, toxicity from blood contact with brain cells, loss of blood to ventricles, subarachnoid space, or subdural areas

Question 17

Pick hemorrhagic stroke and

-indicate the different subtypes (with definition) within category (part 1)

Answer 17

Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH)- loss of blood forms circular mass that disrupts neurons and glia, adjacent tissue compressed, blood into ventricles, severe headache, 70-75% die within a month

Question 18

Pick hemorrhagic stroke and

-indicate the different subtypes (with definition) within category (part 2)

Answer 18

Subarachnoid or intraventricular hemorrhage

• ruptured aneurysms and AVMs
• aneurysms at arterial bifurcations from developmental defects
• inner layer of blood vessel breaks through outer

Question 19

Following stroke, many patients regain some lost function. List and explain (1) way or reason why lost function returns or can return.

Answer 19

compensation vs recovery (people develop new ways to fxn without lost fxns)

Question 20

Following stroke, many patients regain some lost function. List and explain (2) way or reason why lost function returns or can return.

Answer 20

recovery from diaschisis (neurons shocked), fxn regained with new connections formed by GF inducing axons to fill vacated synapses

Question 21

Following stroke, many patients regain some lost function. List and explain (3) way or reason why lost function returns or can return.

Answer 21

denervation super sensitivity (brain maintain homeostasis and makes more receptors to compensate for loss NT and neurons)

Question 22

Following stroke, many patients regain some lost function. List and explain (4) way or reason why lost function returns or can return.

Answer 22

rehab- force people to use affected area to gain fxn because of increase in area of cortex in affected area, extended motor and language regions, and bilateral reorganization and activation

Question 23

Following stroke, many patients regain some lost function. List and explain (5) way or reason why lost function returns or can return.

Answer 23

amphetamines increase blood flow and stimulate GF for synaptogenesis

Question 24

Following stroke, many patients regain some lost function. List and explain (6) way or reason why lost function returns or can return.

Answer 24

stem cells that secrete nerve GF