Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BI 233 - Anatomy and Physiology 3 > Lecture Exam II - urinary system and fluid balance > Flashcards

Lecture Exam II - urinary system and fluid balance Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

role of sodium

A

Maintains ECF volume, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Role of potassium

A

Vital for intracellular fluid (ICF) balance, nerve signaling, and muscle contraction, including the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Role of Chloride

A

Helps maintain osmotic pressure, fluid balance, and is part of the stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Role of Calcium

A

Necessary for bone and teeth structure, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and neurotransmitter release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Role of phosphorus

A

Helps with bones and teeth, ATP, nucleic acids, and buffers in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Role of magnesium

A

cofactor for over 300 enzymes, muscle and nerve function, protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Role of Iron

A

essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin for oxygen transport; involved in cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Role of Zinc

A

Involved in immune function, wound healing, enzyme function, and data synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Role of vitamin A

A

important for vision, immune function, and epithelial tissue health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Role of Vitamin D

A

regulates calcium and phosphate absorption, bone health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Role of Vitamin E

A

antioxidant, protects cell membrane from oxidative damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Role of Vitamin K

A

essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Role of Vitamin B1

A

Supports carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Role of Folic acid

A

needed for DNA synthesis and cell division, especially important in pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is thermo regulation? What does it have to do with metabolism?

A

Thermoregulation is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal temp. it is closely tied to metabolism because metabolic reactions generate heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the body increase body temp?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • shivering
  • increased metabolism via hormones (epinephrine)
  • behavioral (putting on clothes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is counter current heat exchange?

A

This is a mechanism where warm blood flowing from the body core transfers heat to cooler blood returning from the extremities, helping retain body heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main job of the kidneys?

A

to filter blood, remove waste, regulate blood pressure, electrolyte balance and acid-base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the main job of the Ureters?

A

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder using peristaltic contractions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the main job of the urinary bladder?

A

temporarily stores urine; stretches to accommodate volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the main job of the Urethra?

A

conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. On males, it also transports semen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • removes waste products and drugs from the body
  • balances body fluids and electrolytes
  • regulates blood volume and blood pressure
  • regulates pH of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are all of the parts of the kidneys

A
  • capsule
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pyramids
  • renal columns
  • renal papilla
  • kidney lobe
  • nephron
  • minor/ major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the flow of blood to and from the kidney?

A

Renal artery → segmental arteries → interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → cortical radiate arteries → afferent arteriole → glomerulus (capillaries) → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries or vasa recta → cortical radiate veins → arcuate veins → interlobar veins → renal vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are Nephrons? What are the two main components?
The nephron is a microscopic structure that filters blood and forms urine. the two main components are the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
26
What is the glomerular capsule?
Cup shaped structure that encases the glomerulus and collects filtrate.
27
What is the glomerulus?
Tight of capillaries where filtration begins
28
What is the Filtration membrane?
Filters plasma to produce filtrate, allowing small molecules through with retaining large proteins and cells
29
What is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
It is the major site for reabsorption of water ions and nutrients.
30
What is the nephron loop
It creates a concentration gradient in the medulla
31
What is the distal convoluted tubule?
It preforms final adjustments to solute and water reabsorption, influenced by hormones
32
What is the flow of urine from the collecting duct to the release from the body?
Collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra → external urethral orifice.
33
What is the Juxtaglomerular complex?
It is a structure where the distal convoluted tubule meets the afferent arteriole. It contains the macula dense, JG cells, and mesangial cells.
34
What is the collecting system? What does it do?
Includes collecting ducts and papillary ducts. Regulates water, sodium, potassium, and pH under hormonal control (ADH, aldosterone). Delivers final urine to minor calyx.
35
What are the two types of nephrons? How are they different?
Cortical nephrons: - Located mostly in cortex. - Short nephron loops. - Perform most reabsorption/secretion. Juxtamedullary nephrons: - Long nephron loops extending into medulla. - Important for concentrating urine via countercurrent mechanism. - Associated with vasa recta.
36
What is filtration?
Movement of water/ solutes from blood to nephron
37
What is reabsorption?
Return of substances from filtrate to blood
38
What is secretion?
Addition of substances from blood to nephron
39
What components of glomuler filtration stay in the blood?
blood cells and proteins?
40
What components of glomuler filtration stay out of the blood?
Water, glucose, slats, urea, and small solutes (Na, Cl, K, H, C, O)
41
What pressure pushes the filtrate out of the blood?
Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
42
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Volume of filtrate per minute
43
What are the layers filtrates in the kidneys need to pass?
-basment membranes - filtration slits between the podocytes - fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus
44
What two autoregulatroy mechanism kick in if GFR is too low?
Myogenic Mechanism: adjust capillary surface area to increase the blood pressure juxtaglomerular cells: release renin to increase the pressure inside the glomerulus.
45
What neural and endocrine mechanisms control GFR?
Neural: the sympathetic nervous system helps with vasoconstriction. Endocrine: The hormones renin, angiotensin II, ADH, and ANP are released.
46
What do the macula dense cells do?
They detect NaCl levels and signals the JG cells to release renin.
47
Where does most reabsorption happen?
In the proximal convoluted tubule.
48
What is the main job of the Distal Convoluted Tubule and the Collecting Duct?
They fine-tune salt/water balance and absorb water and Na. They also secrete K and H.
49
What does ADH do?
Increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct.
50
What does aldosterone do?
Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
51
What does angiotensin II do?
Stimulates aldosterone and vasoconstriction.
52
What does PTH (parathyroid hormone) do?
Increases calcium reabsorption.
53
What do Natriuretic peptides do?
Inhibit sodium reabsorption and lowers blood pressure.
54
What is the transport maximum?
Maximum rate. substance can be reabsorbed; saturation causes excess to appear in urine.
55
What are the ways materials can be transported in and out of tubules?
- diffusion - osmosis - active transport - facilitated diffusion
56
Describe the important dynamics of carrier proteins.
They Facilitate movement of molecules than cannot pass freely through the lipid bilayer, such as glucose, amino acids, or other ions.
57
What are the peritubular cappilaries?
They surround the nephron and reabsorb solutes/ water.
58
What is the vasa recta?
It helps with concentration gradients in juxtamedullary nephrons.
59
What is the main job of the proximal convoluted tubules?
Bulk reabsorption of water, glucose, amino acids, and other ions.
60
What is the pathway of the reabsorbed materials?
Tubule lumen -> epithelial cel -> interstitial fluid -> peritubular capillaries
61
What is secretion and what type of thins are secreted back into urine?
Active transport of waste from blood to the tubules. For example, hydrogen, potassium, creatine, and drugs.
62
What is the main job of the nephron loop?
Creates osmotic gradient for water conservation. The descending limb reabsorbs water and the ascending limb reabsorbs sodium and chloride.
63
What is countercurrent multiplication and why is it important?
It is the nephron loop process that concentrates medullary interstitial; allows urine concentration.
64
What is countercurrent exchange and why is it important?
It is a passive exchange between solutes and water.
65
What causes a large volume of dilute urine to be released?
Low ADH production which causes the water to not absorb and will be released with urine.
66
what causes a small volume of concentrated urine to be released?
High ADH production, which means more water has been absorbed and there is less to secrete.
67
the flow of filtrate
glomerulus -> PCT -> nephron loop -> DCT -> collecting duct
68
What is absorbed and Secreted in the PCT?
Absorbed: water, glucose, amino acids, sodium, Chloride, and HCO3 Secreted: H+, drugs, and toxins
69
What is absorbed and secreted in the Nephron Loop?
Absorbed: Water( descending limb) , NaCl (ascending limb) Secreted: N/A
70
What is absorbed and secreted in the DCT?
Absorbed: Sodium, chloride, and calcium Secreted: potassium and hydrogen
71
What is absorbed and secreted in the collecting duct?
Absorbed: water and sodium Secreted: Potassium, Hydrogen, and urea
72
What are the general properties of urine?
pH: 4.5 -8 (average 6) Volume: 1-2L/day Color: yellow Clarity: clear Bacterial count: sterile in healthy individuals
73
What shouldn't be found in urine?
Glucose, protein, ketones, blood, WBCs, nitrites - can indicate diabetes, infection, and kidney damage
74
Why is urinalysis helpful?
General health screen
75
Why is Creatine clearance helpful?
measures GFR
76
Why is BUN helpful?
Kidney function indicator
77
How is the urethra different in males and females?
Males: long and also helps with flow of sperm. Females; short and for urine
78
Flow of Urine
Collecting duct -> papillary duct -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra
79
What is the difference between urine and plasma?
Plasma: has proteins, glucose, and blood cells. Urine: it is filtered and modified plasma, it is waste concentrate. doesn't contain protein, glucose, and blood cells.
80

BI 233 - Anatomy and Physiology 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions