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BI 233 - Anatomy and Physiology 3 > Week two - digestive tract > Flashcards

Week two - digestive tract Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

What are the major digestive organs? What are their functions?

A

Mouth/ oral cavity: breaks down food
Pharynx: moves food into the esophagus
Esophagus: transports food to stomach
Stomach: uses chemicals to break down food and uses muscles to contract and move it to small intestine.
Small intestine: uses enzymes to absorb water and other nutrients
Large intestine: Dehydrates and compacts materials to get it ready for removal.

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2
Q

What are the accessory organs? What are their functions?

A

Teeth: tear apart and break down food
Tongue: assists with mechanical digestion
Salivary glands: lubricates food and breaks down carbs.
Liver: secretes bile and stores nutrients
Gall bladder: stores concentrated bile
Pancreas: has endocrine cells that secrete hormones to help digest food

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3
Q

The path of travel for food

A

Mouth -> Pharynx -> esophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum -> anus for excretion.

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4
Q

What is ingestion?

A

taking food and drinks into the oral cavity

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5
Q

What is mechanical digestion and propulsion?

A

Alters the consistency of food to ease transport

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6
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

Uses enzymes to break down polymers into monomers for absorption

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7
Q

What is secretion?

A

Enzymes, acids, buffers added into GI tract

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8
Q

What is absorption?

A

movement of materials into digestive tract epithelium

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9
Q

What is defecation?

A

removal of feces from the body

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10
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

a lining that covers the abdominal organs.

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11
Q

what is parietal peritoneum?

A

a lining that covers the abdominal wall/cavity

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12
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

double layer of peritoneum that supports the intestines.

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13
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

layer of peritoneum that hangs from the stomach; fat storage, and helps with immunity

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14
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

layer of peritoneum that connects to the liver

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15
Q

What organs are retroperitoneal?

A

Pancreas, kidneys, duodenum, ascending and descending colon, and rectum

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16
Q

What are the four histological layers in the digestive tracts? What structures does each one contain?

A

1 Mucosa - epithelium, laminate propria, muscularis mucosae
2 Submucosa- connective tissue, blood/lymoh vessels, and nerves.
3 muscularis externa - smooth muscle
4 serosa - outermost connective tissue covering

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17
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the oral cavity?

A

Keratinized epithelium is found in areas with more friction such as the tongue and hard palate.

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18
Q

What unique structures are found in the oral cavity?

A

Teeth, tongue, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, salivary gland ducts, and palatine tonsils.

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19
Q

what is the function of the uvula?

A

prevents food from entering nasal cavity during swallowing.

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20
Q

What is the function of the palatine tonsils?

A

To trap pathogens

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21
Q

What is the function of the salivary gland?

A

produces saliva

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22
Q

What are the structures of the tooth?

A

Enamel, dentin, pulp cavity, root canal, cement, gingival sulcus, gingiva, crown

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23
Q

Deciduous teeth v. permanent teeth

A

Deciduous teeth: the baby teeth that fall out during childhood. start to emerge at 6 months.
Permanent teeth: replace the baby teeth and stay with person for the rest of their life.

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24
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands? where are they located?

A

Parotid gland- near the ear
submandibular gland - near the jaw
sublingual gland - below the tongue

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25
What is saliva made of? What is its function?
Water, amylase, electrolytes, and mucus Function: lubricate food and begin starch digestion
26
What is mastication?
chewing
27
What are the three sections of the pharynx?
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
28
What is deglutition?
Swallowing
29
What are the three phases of swallowing? Which is voluntary
oral phase: voluntary pharyngeal phase: involuntary esophageal phase: involuntary
30
What are the major functions of the stomach?
Temporary food storage, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, secretes intrinsic factor, forms chyme
31
What is the pyloric sphincter?
controls passage of chyme from stomach to the duodenum
32
What is the cardiac sphincter?
Prevents back flow of stomach acid into esophagus
33
What is rugae?
Folds in stomach lining that allow for expansion
34
What are gastric glands?
Located in mucosa; secrete digestive substances
35
What are gastric pits?
openings on stomach surface leading to gastric glands
36
What extra layers of muscle are in the stomach and why?
longitudinal circular oblique function: enhances mechanical digestion via churning
37
What do parietal cells secrete? what do they do?
They secrete HCl, which activates pepsinogen and kills microbes. Also secretes intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.
38
What do chief cells secrete? what do they do?
They secrete pepsinogen. It digests proteins
39
What do Enteroendocrine cells secrete? What do they do?
They secrete gastrin, a hormone that stimulates HCl production and stomach motility.
40
What happens during the celiac phase of gastric control?
It prepares the stomach before food arrives. It is triggered by sight, smell, taste, or thought of food. It is controlled by the CNS via the vagus nerve.
41
What happens during the gastric phase of gastric control?
Begins with food entering the stomach. It is triggered by stretching of the stomach and increased pH in the stomach. During this phase, gastrin is secreted, HCl and pepsinogen production is increased, and mixing waves begin.
42
What happens during the intestinal phase of gastric control?
Controls rate of gastric emptying. It is triggered by chyme entering the duodenum. The duodenum releases CCK, and GIP which inhibit gastric activity. it slows down gastric emptying to allow digestion/ absorption in the small intestine.
43
How many lobes are in the liver and what are their names?
1 Right lobe (largest) 2 left lobe 3 caudate lobe 4 quadrate lobe
44
How many ligaments are in the liver? Names?
1 Falciform ligament: divides left and right lobe 2 round ligament: remnant of flat umbilical vein
45
What vessels are attached to the liver?
Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein Hepatic veins
46
What is the name of the cells in the liver
hepatocytes: carry out liver functions
47
What is the path of blood flow to and from the liver?
hepatic portal vein -> hepatic artery -> liver sinusoids -> hepatocytes -> central vein -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava.
48
What is a lobule?
it is a structural/ functional unit of the liver that is hexagonal in shape.
49
how many lobules are in each lobe of the liver?
thousands
50
What are the components of each lobule in the liver?
Each lobule has a central vein, sinusoids, hepatocytes, and portal triads at corners.
51
What is bile?
a yellow green fluid containing bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, water, and ions.
52
Where is bile made?
By the hepatocytes in the liver.
53
What are bile salts?
Modified cholesterol molecules that emulsify fats.
54
What do bile salts do?
They break down large fat droplets into smaller ones for easier digestion by lipase.
55
Describe the route bile takes
Hepatocytes produce bile that flows into bile canaliculi, then bile ductules, and the bile ducts. These merge into left and right hepatic ducts and go to the common hepatic duct. bile then either goes to the gallbladder or into the duodenum.
56
What are the metabolic regulations of the liver?
- stores glycogen, vitamins, and iron - regulate blood glucose, lipids, and amino acids - detoxifies drugs/ toxins
57
What are the blood regulations of the liver?
- produces plasma proteins - breaks down old red blood cells - removes pathogens via kupffer cells
58
What is the function of the gallbladder?
It stores and concentrates bile until needed for digestion.
59
What causes the release of bile into the intestines?
Cholecytoskinin (CCK) - released when fatty chyme enters duodenum.
60
What does bile travel through to get from the gallbladder to the duodenum?
It travels through the cystic duct to the common bile duct to the hepatopancreatic ampulla to the duodenum
61
What are gallstones?
They are crystals formed from cholesterol or bile salts. They can block bile flow causing pain and digestive issues.
62
What are the structural components of the pancreas?
head: nestled in the curve of the duodenum Body: extends across the abdomen Tail: near the spleen
63
What are the endocrine secretions from the pancreas?
Insulin: lowers blood glucose glucagon: raises blood glucose somatostatin: regulates insulin and glucagon secretion
64
What are the exocrine secretions from the pancreas?
Acinar cells: produce pancreatic juice loaded with digestive enzymes. It is delivered through pancreatic duct into the duodenum.
65
What nerve triggers the release of pancreatic juice?
The Vagus nerve (x)
66
Where is pancreatic juice release into?
Into the duodenum though the main pancreatic duct
67
What are the key enzymes in pancreatic juice and their functions?
Amylase: breaks down starch into sugars Lipase: breaks down fats into fatty acid and glycerol Proteases: activated in the small intestine to digest proteins Nucleases: digests DNA/RNA
68
Define peristalsis
A type of muscular contraction associated with propulsion of a food bolus. Coordinated contractions of a circular and longitudinal smooth muscle.
69
What do the circular folds do in the small intestines?
They are permanent ridges that increase surface area and slow chyme for absorption.
70
What does villi do in the small intestine?
Finger-like projections; contains capillaries and lacteals for nutrient absorption.
71
What does microvilli do in the small intestine?
Tiny projections that form the bush border increase surface are and secrete enzyme.
72
What does lacteal do in the small intestine?
Lymphatic capillary inside each villis that absorbs fat
73
What are the intestinal glands in the small intestine?
Secrete intestinal juice and house stem cells for epithelial renewal.
74
What do the goblet cells in the small intestine do?
They secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the lining.
75
What is the duodenum?
It is the first 25 cm of the small intestine that receives bile, chyme, and pancreatic juice. It contains Brunner's glands that secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid.
76
What is Jujunum?
It has large, prominent circular fold and villi within the small intestine. it absorbs the most nutrients.
77
What is Ileum?
The part of the small intestine that absorbs remaining nutrients such as bile salt and vitamin B12. it contains Peyer's patches, which are lymphoid nodules for immune defenses.
78
What are the primary functions of the small intestine?
Final enzymatic digestion, absorption of nutrients, water, electrolytes, and vitamins.
79
What are the general neutral controls for the small intestine?
Enteric nervous system - Local control of motility and secretion. Autonomic input - Parasympathetic increases activity - sympathetic decreases activity
80
What is secretin?
A hormone that stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. It also inhibits gastric secretions.
81
What is Cholecystoskinin?
Also known as CCK. It is a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile. It also stimulates pancreas to release enzymes. Also aids in slowing down gastric emptying.
82
What is Gastric Inhibitory Peptide?
Also known as GIP. A hormone that inhibits gastric activity and stimulates insulin release.
83
What are the main sections of the large intestine?
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus
84
What are the unique structures of the large intestine?
Haustra: pouches in the colon wall caused by muscle tone; aid in segmental movement. Teiae coli: 3 bands of longitudinal muscle along the colon. Omental appendices: fat filled sacs on the outer surface
85
What are the main functions of the large intestine?
- water and electrolyte absorption - compacts feces - absorbs some vitamins from bacteria - stores fecal material until defacation
86
What hormones are involved with control of digestion?
Gastrin: stimulates HCl and motility Secretin: stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate; inhibits gastric activity CCK: stimulates bile and enzyme secretion; slows gastric emptying.

BI 233 - Anatomy and Physiology 3 (4 decks)

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