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BI 233 - Anatomy and Physiology 3 > Week one- respiratory > Flashcards

Week one- respiratory Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Ventilation of the lungs or use of oxygen in cellular metabolism.

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2
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

It is an organ system that rhythmically takes in air and expels it from the body, thereby supplying the body with oxygen and breathing out the carbon dioxide that it generates.

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3
Q

What are the four phases of respiratory physiology?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Transport of respiratory gases
  4. Internal respiration
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4
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

It is breathing; the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

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5
Q

What is External respiration?

A

The has exchange between the blood and alveoli.

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6
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Exchange of gasses between systemic blood and tissue cells?

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7
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

This happens in the mitochondria. Metabolic reactions that consume O2 and release CO2 during ATP production.

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8
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Gas exchange
  2. Communication
  3. Olfaction
  4. Acid-base balance
  5. blood pressure regulation
  6. platelet production
  7. blood and lymph flow
  8. blood filtration
  9. expulsion of abdominal contents
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9
Q

How does expulsion of abdominal contents work in the respiratory system?

A

Breath-holding and abdominal contractions help to expel abdominal contents during urination, defecation, and childbirth

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10
Q

What are the organs in the respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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11
Q

What are the major functions of the Upper respiratory system? What organs belong in the upper respiratory system?

A

Contains the organs from the nose through the larynx. It brings Oxygen to the body and lets out carbon dioxide.

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12
Q

What are the major functions of the lower respiratory system? What organs belong in the lower system?

A

Contains the trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, terminal bronchiole, alveoli, and lungs

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13
Q

What is the Conducting zone?

A

It consists of those passages that serve only for airflow, essentially from the nostrils through the major brachioles.

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14
Q

What organs are found in the conducting zone?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchus, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

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15
Q

What is the Respiratory zone?

A

This helps with gas exchange between the air and blood.

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16
Q

What organs are part of the Respiratory Zone?

A

Respiratory Bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveoli

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17
Q

What structures form the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate (bone), septal cartilage, and vomer(bone)

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18
Q

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

A

The conchae enable the nose to cleanse, warm, and humidify the air more effectively.

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19
Q

What are the components of the palate?

A

The hard palate: separates oral and nasal cavities.
The soft palate: rises during swallowing to block food from entering nasopharynx

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20
Q

What are the four paranasal sinuses? what are there functions?

A

Frontal sinus: lighten skull
Ethmoid sinus: humidify/warm air
Sphenoidal sinus: enhance voice resonance
Maxillary sinus: acts as mucas drainage chambers

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21
Q

What are the structures of the pharynx? What are their regions?

A
  1. nasopharynx: posterior to nasal cavity
  2. oropharynx: behind oral cavity
  3. laryngopharynx: passageway for air and food.
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22
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator and what is its purpose?

A

A mechanism that allows the mucous to trap particles and the cilia move it to the pharynx to be expelled or swallowed. It keeps the lower respiratory tract clear of debris and pathogens.

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23
Q

When the mucociliary elevator is absent, what is the main line of defense?

A

The alveolar macrophages, also known as dust cells

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24
Q

What are the laryngeal cartilage’s? which are elastic?

A

Hyaline: Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Arytenoid cartilage

Elastic: Corniculate cartilage, Cuneiform cartilage, and epiglottis

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25
What is the function of the Vestibular folds?
Close the larynx during swallowing to prevent food entry
26
What is the function of the Epiglottis?
Covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to direct food into the esophagus.
27
What epithelial tissues are found in different portions of the upper respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity and nasopharynx: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells Oropharynx and laryngopharynx: stratified squamous epithelium' Larynx: stratified squamous Trachea and Bronchi: pseudostratified ciliated columnar.
28
What is the respiratory tree structures from largest to smallest
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
29
Right lung v. left lung
Right: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior,) 2 fissures (Horizontal and oblique), Left: 2 lobes( superior and inferior), 1 fissure (Oblique), contains the cardiac notch
30
What is a lung segment? How many does each lung have?
Lung segment is a subdivision of each lobe, supplied by a tertiary bronchus and pulmonary artery. The Right lung has 10 segments while the left has 8.
31
Alveolar cell types?
Type I- gas exchange Type II- create surfactant Macrophages- removes debris
32
Where is the blood flowing to and from the pulmonary arteries and veins? Where is it flowing from the bronchial arteries and veins?
Pulmonary arteries: deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Pulmonary vein: oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium. Bronchial arteries: supply oxygenated blood to lung tissue Bronchial veins: return deoxygenated blood from lung tissue
33
pathway of airflow
nasal cavity -> nasopharynx -> osopharynx -> laryngopharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli
34
pleurae and pleural fluid functions
1. reduction of friction 2. creation of pressure gradient 3. compartmentalization
35
Muscle activity during pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration: diaphragm contracts and flattens; external intercostals elevate ribs. Expiration: Normally passive; forced expiration uses internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.
36
volume changes during pulmonary ventilation
thoracic cavity volume increases during inspiration, decreases during expiration
37
Lung volume changes during pulmonary ventilation
As thoracic cavity expands, lungs expand, increasing lung volume
38
pressure changes in pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration: intrapulmonary pressure drops below atmospheric pressure -> air flown in Expiration: intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure -> air flows out
39
Air movement during inspiration
Air flows from high pressure( atmospheric) to low pressure (lungs)
40
What is the function of surfactant? What is the importance?
It helps to reduce surface tension in alveoli. It prevents alveolar collapse, especially during exhalation.
41
What brain nuclei are involved in ventilation control?
Medulla Oblongata: controls quiet breathing; receives input from chemoreceptors (DRG). Controls forced breathing (VRG) Pons: Modifies rhythm of breathing (PRG)
42
What are the location and function of chemoreceptors?
Central chemoreceptors: located in the medulla and monitor pH of CSF. Peripheral chemoreceptors: located in carotid bodies and aortic bodies, detect blood pH, O2, and CO2 levels.
43
Hering-Breur reflex
Protective reflex that prevents over-inflation of the lungs by inhibiting inspiration when stretch receptors in the lungs are activated.
44
Quiet v. Forced breathing
quiet breathing: refers to relaxed unconscious, autonomic breathing. forced breathing: unusually deep or rapid breathing, can be done during exercise.
45
Respiratory volumes and capacites
Tidal volume (TV): 500 mL Inpiratory reserve volume (IRV): 300mL Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): 1200mL Residual volume (RV): 1200mL VItal Capacity (VC): 4700 mL IRV +ERV Total lung capacity (TLC): 6000mL VC + RV
46
What is anatomical dead space and its significance?
Volume of air in the conducting zone. This air doesn't participate in gas exchange.
47
What are the effects of disrupted thoracic cavity pressure?
If the intraoleural pressure (lungs) is the same at the atmospheric pressure (outside), then the lungs collapse.
48
What is the definition of respiratory cycle?
one complete inhale (inspiration) and exhale (expiration)
49
What is FEV1? What is FVC? What is the normal ratio?
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second. FVC: forced vital capacity, total exhaled after deep breath Normal ratio: FEV1/FVC = 75-80%
50
Obstructive v. Restrictive disease
Obstructive: problems with airflow; FEV1 is decreased, so the number is lower than the ratio. Restrictive disease: problems with lung expansion; FEV1 and FVC are decreases, so the number will be at the ratio or higher
51
Examples of obstructive disorders
Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema
52
Examples of Restrictive disorders
Pulmonary fibrosis and tuberculosis
53
apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
54
dyspnea
labored or difficult breathing
55
hyperpnea
increased depth of breathing
56
hyperventilation
increased rate/ depth of breathing, causing low CO2
57
Hypoventilation
Decreased ventilation causing high CO2
58
Kussmal respiration
Deep labored breathing
59
Orthopnea
Difficulty breathing when lying down
60
Tachypnea
Rapid shallow breathing
61
What is the relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance?
Flow = pressure/resistance Airflow increases with greater pressure differences and decreases with higher resistance
62
How does bronchial resistance affect airflow?
Increased resistance decreases airflow. Decreased resistance increases airflow
63
What is pulmonary compliance? What is the importance of it? What factors reduce it?
The ease with which the lungs can expand. It is important because higher compliance leads to easier breathing. It is reduced by scar tissue, decreased surfactant, and fluid accumulation.
64
How does partial pressure gradients affect alveolar gas exchange?
Greater difference between alveolar and blood gas pressures leads to more rapid diffusion.
65
How does solubility coefficients affect alveolar gas exchange?
CO2 is more soluble than O2, so it diffuses more easily despite a smaller gradient.
66
How does membrane thickness affect alveolar gas exchange?
Thicker membranes impair diffusion
67
How does membrane area affect gas exchange?
More surface area leads to better gas exchange. Less leads to worse exchange
68
How does ventilation-perfusion coupling lead to alveolar gas exchange? What is it?
It is the physiological responses that match ventilation and perfusion to each other. Blood flow is directed to well-ventilated areas of the lungs; mismatches reduce gas exchange efficiency.
69
What is Boyle's Law?
The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. Simplified: Pressure is inversely related to volume.
70
What is Charles's Law?
The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. Simplified: Volume is directly proportional to temperature.
71
What is Dalton's law?
The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases. Simplified: total pressure is equal to the sum of partial pressures of gases.
72
What is Henry's law?
At the air- water interface, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in the air. Simplified: gas dissolves in liquid proportional to its partial pressure and solubility.
73
Pneumothorax and atelectasis: causes and effects
Pneumothorax: air enters the plural cavity disrupting negative pressure, so the lung collapses. Atelectasis: collapse of part or all of lung, caused by pneumothorax, airway obstruction, or loss of surfactant.
74
What is residual volume?
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
75
What is the function of Alveoli?
Alveoli are the primary site of gas exchange between air and blood. Their structure allows efficient diffusion of O2 and CO2
76
What is O2 loading?
O2 diffuse from the alveoli to the blood then binds to the hemoglobin.
77
What is CO2 unloading?
CO2 diffuses from blood to the alveoli being exhaled.
78
Structure of the respiratory membrane
three components: alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane, and capillary endothelium. Thickness: .5 µm
79
What is O2 unloading?
O2 diffuses from blood to the tissue cells
80
What is CO2 loading?
CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to the blood.
81
What is the Chloride shift?
To maintain charge balance, Cl- ions enter red blood cells as HCO3- ions exit into plasma. occurs during CO2 transport at systemic capillaries.
82
How is Oxygen transported into the blood?
98.5% bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. 1.5% dissolved into plasma.
83
what are three ways CO2 is transported into the blood?
70% in bicarbonate ions 23% in carbaminohemoglibin 7 % is dissolved in plasma
84
What is Haldane effect and its role in Co2 transport?
Deoxygenated hemoglobin binds CO2 more readily. Role: enhances CO2 pickup in tissues and release in lungs.
85
What is oxygen affinity?
Hemoglobin's tendency to bind O2
86
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin not bound to oxygen
87
What is carbonic. anhydrase?
An enzyme in red blood cells that catalyzes. It is essential for CO2 transport and acid-base balance.
88
Right shift v. Left shift of the hemoglobin O2 saturation curve.
Right shift means more O2 unloaded at the tissues. High CO2, High H+ (low pH), high temp Left shift means less O2 unloaded. Low CO2, Low H+ (high pH), low temp
89
Hypocapnia
Low Co2 in blood caused by hyperventilation
90
hypercapnia
High CO2 in blood caused by hypoventilation
91
Hypoventilation
breathing too slow/shallow
92
Hyperventilation
Breathing too fast/deep

BI 233 - Anatomy and Physiology 3 (4 decks)

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