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anatomy > lecture notes quiz 1 > Flashcards

lecture notes quiz 1 Flashcards

(129 cards)

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1
Q

supine

A

lying down face up in anatomical position (palms up)

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2
Q

prone

A

lying face down in anatomical position (palms down)

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3
Q

abdominopelvic regions (quandrants)

A

right upper quadrant (RUQ)
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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4
Q

abdominopelvic regions (regions)

A 
right  and left hypochondriac region
right and left lumbar region
right and left inguinal region
epigastric region
umibilical region
hypogastric region
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5
Q

(median) sagittal plane

A

plane running down midline of body that cuts it in half
or splits into right and left parts
x-axis

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6
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

plane that splits body into front and back parts

z-axis

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7
Q

transverse plane

A

plane that splits body into top and bottom

y-axis

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8
Q

coelom

A

cavity in trunk divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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9
Q

flexion

A

decreases angle

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10
Q

extension

A

increases angle

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11
Q

adduction and abduction

A

toward and away from body (midline)

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12
Q

medial and lateral rotation

A

internal and external rotation

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13
Q

opposition

reposition

A

thumb to pinky

hand flat in anatomical position

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14
Q

pronation and supination

A

dorsal side of hand facing forward

palm facing forward (anatomical position)

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15
Q

inversion and eversion

A

plantar side of foot rotated inward

plantar side of foot rotated outward

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16
Q

retraction and protraction

A

pulling shoulder blades together and releasing shoulder blades (slouching)

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17
Q

varus and valgus

A

inward angulation of DISTAL SEGMENT (ankles in and knees out) and outward angulation of DISTAL SEGMENT (ankles out and knees in)

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18
Q

elevation and depression

A

close the mouth and open the mouth

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19
Q

protrusion/protraction

retrusion/retraction

A

jaw moves forward

jaw moves back to normal position

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20
Q

lateral excursion

A

lateral movement of jaw

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21
Q

movements in sagittal plane

A

flexion and dorsiflexion

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22
Q

movements in coronal plane

A 
abduction and adduction
lateral flexion of trunk
upward and downward rotation of scapula
radial and ulnar deviation of wrist
elevation and depression of scapula
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23
Q

movements in transverse plane

A

medial or lateral rotation of shoulder or hip
pronation and supination of forearm
rotation of trunk, neck, or head

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24
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelium
connective
muscle
nerve

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25
what is tissue
collection of similar cells and intercellular substances surrounding them specialized cells and cell products that perform relatively limited number of functions
26
epithelium
covers body surfaces (skin) lines body cavities constitute secretory glands
27
what body cavities does epithelium line
respiratory and genito-urinary tracts alimentary canals peritoneal and pleural cavities
28
what secretory glands does the epithelium constitute
``` salivary glands thymus lacrimal sweat glands sebaceous glands mammary glands ```
29
characteristics of the epithelium
cells closely apposed and adhere to each other by special junctions (layers that act as barriers) avascular regenerative polar
30
polarity of epithelium
apical surface attached to basal surface | surfaces are structurally and functionally different
31
specialized projections of epithelium
microvilli stereocilia cilia
32
microvilli
projections of cell membrane
33
stereocilia
long microtubules along male reproductive tract and inner ear
34
cilia
composed of microtubules | capable of movement
35
types of epithelium
``` simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar stratified squamous stratified cuboidal stratified columnar pseudostratified transitional glandular ```
36
simple squamous
lines body cavities, blood vessels, and lungs | reduces friction, absorption, and secretion
37
simple cuboidal
found in glands, ducts, and kidney tubules | limited protection, secretion, and absorption
38
simple columnar
lining of stomach and intestines | protection, secretion, and absorption
39
stratified squamous
found in skin, oral cavity, esophagus, anus, and vagina | tolerates abrasion and acts as physical barrier
40
stratified cuboidal
lining of some ducts (rare) | protection and secretion
41
stratified columnar
found in pharynx, ducts of some glands, and urethra (relatively rare) protection and secretion
42
pseudostratified
nuclei at different levels (all cells in contact with basal lamina) found in lining of some respiratory passages secretes mucous, and moved by cilia
43
transitional
found in urinary bladder and ureters | permits expansion and recoil after stretching
44
glandular
exocrine and endocrine glands
45
exocrine glands
contain ducts that release secretions onto surface of skin or onto the epithelial lining of internal passageways that communicate with exterior
46
types of exocrine glands
by what they secrete: serous glands mucous glands mixed exocrine glands by structure: unicellular (goblet or mucous cells) multicellular (sheet or mixed glands)
47
serous glands
found in the heart
48
mucous glands
found in the trachea
49
mixed exocrine glands
salivary glands (mix of serous and mucous)
50
secretory sheets
lining of stomach
51
endocrine glands
ductless produce hormones thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands, and ovary, and testis secretions go from gland through blood to where its action occurs
52
connective tissue
most abundant tissue forms supportive structure of body not found in exposed surfaces of body cells in extracellular matrix (not packed many spaces)
53
main components of connective tissue
``` specialized cells (not part of matrix) extracellular protein fibers (protein) ground substance (fluid) ```
54
classifications of connective tissue
connective tissue proper (loose and dense) fluid connective tissue supporting connective tissue
55
classes of connective tissue proper cells
fixed and wandering cells
56
fixed cells
``` mesenchymal cells fibroblasts fibrocytes fixed macrophages adipocytes melanocytes ```
57
wandering cells
``` interact with proper cells but aren't a part of it free macrophages mast cells lymphocytes neutrophils and esoinophils ```
58
mesenchymal cells
embryonic cells (stem cells) that can differentiate into different cells
59
fibroblasts
produce connective tissue fibers (make cartilage)
60
fibrocytes
maintain connective tissue fibers and matrix(maintain cartilage)
61
fixed macrophages
removes things body doesn't want (pathogens and damaged cells)
62
adipocytes
fat cells (store lipid reserves)
63
melanocytes
secrete/synthesize melanin
64
free macrophages
mobile/traveling phagocytic cells
65
mast cells
make histimine (stimulate local inflammation)
66
lymphocytes
immune system response
67
neutrophils and esoinophils
mobilize during infection or tissue injury
68
types of connective tissue fibers
collagen fibers reticular fibers elastic fibers
69
collagen fibers
main structural protein in extracellular spaces in connective tissues most abundant protein in mammals (25-35% of whole body content) fibroblast=most common cell that produces collagen
70
5 most common types of collagen compose:
skin, tendon, bone (main protein part of bone) cartilage (gelatinous matrix of cartilage) reticulate (main component of reticulate fibers) basal lamina (epithelium secreted layer of basement membrane) hair and placenta
71
interstitial
relating to spaces within a tissue or organ (but not body cavities)
72
stroma
framework of an organ or gland | usually made of connective tissue
73
parenchyma
cells or tissue of an organ that fulfill its functional role
74
adventitia
outermost connective tissue covering of an organ or vessel | like sac holding things together (when organ ruptures, adventitia bursts)
75
serosa
epithelial lining of a body cavity | secretes lubricating fluid
76
lumen
cavity of an organ
77
connective tissue proper--LOOSE
areolar adipose reticular
78
areolar connective tissue
loosely woven network of fibers in interstitial fluid most abundant adult connective tissue contains all cell types found in connective tissue
79
where is areolar connective tissue found
stroma of organs and glands papillary layer of dermis adventitia of blood vessels serosal linings of peritoneal and pleural cavities
80
functions of areolar connective tissue
cushions organs provides support but permits independent movement phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens
81
where is adipose tissue found
deep to the skin (especially at sides, buttock, and breast) | padding around eyes and kidneys
82
functions of adipose tissue
provides padding and cushions shocks insulated (reduces heat loss) stores energy
83
where is reticular connective tissue found
``` stroma of: liver kidney spleen lymph nodes bone marrow ```
84
functions of reticular connective tissue
provides supporting framework
85
connective tissue proper --DENSE
same cell types as loose but has fewer cells and more matrix than areolar dense regular dense irregular elastic
86
regular
regularly oriented collagen fibers with interspersed fibroblasts found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
87
irregular
densely packed irregularly oriented bundles of collagen, fibroblasts, and elastic fibers found in dermis of skin (reticular layer), organ capsules, and lining of bone and cartilage
88
elastic
contains protein elastin allows distortion and passive return to shape cushions shock found in walls of blood vessels and underlies transitional epithelium
89
fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
90
supporting connective tissue
cartilage | bone
91
cartilage
chondrocytes in a dense, gel-like intercellular matrix cells in lacunae avascular
92
bone
osteocytes in a rigid mineral matrix | highly vascularized
93
3 types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrous cartilage
94
location of hyaline cartilage
found in costal cartilages covering of bone surfaces at synovial joints part of nasal septum
95
function of hyaline cartilage
provides still but somewhat flexible support | reduces friction between bony surfaces
96
locations of elastic cartilage
external ear larynyx epiglottis
97
function of elastic cartilage
cartilage with elastic fibers | flexible and tolerates distortion
98
locations of fibrous cartilage
pads within knee join (meniscus) between pubic bones of pelvis intervertebral discs
99
functions of fibrous cartilage
resists compression prevents bone-to-bone contact limits relative movement
100
functions of bone
support storage of minerals and lipids (calcium and phosphate needed in metabolic processes are stored in bones) production of blood cells in bone marrow protection mechanical (muscle attachment and leverage)
101
osteocytes
mature bone cells regulate mineral and protein content located in lacunae; connected by canaliculi
102
osteoblasts
secrete organic components (osteoid) of bone matrix
103
osteoprogenitor cells
precursor cells of osteoblasts | important in repair
104
osteoclasts
break down bone to release calcium and phosphate multinucleate work in balance with osteoblasts
105
matrix of bone
mineral of bone=crystals of hydroxyapatite collagen fibers living cells compose only 2% of bone weight
106
crystals of hydroxyapatite
calcium, phosphates, calcium carbonate, and salts of sodium, magnesium and fluoride 2/3 of weight of bone strong in compression but brittle on its own
107
collagen fibers
protein framework around mineral crystals 1/3 of weight of bone gives bone flexibility (strength in tension)
108
structure of bone
compact bone | spongy bone
109
compact bone
dense and solid bone forms the walls of bone allows us to walk
110
spongy bone
trabecular or cancellous bone open network of plates surround medullary cavity which consists of bone marrow
111
central canal
contains blood vessels
112
lacunae
contain osteocytes
113
canaliculi
interconnect lacunae
114
concentric lamellae
small circular lamellae that have the central canal and lacunae inside circles
115
periosteum
covers bone exterior
116
endosteum
lines the marrow cavity and cancellous bone
117
spongy bone
arranged in parallel struts forms branching plates called trabeculae which form an open network creates lightweight nature of bone
118
periosteum (outer surface of the bone)
highly vascularized fibrous layer over a cellular layer cells of inner layer differentiate into osteoblasts and add bone matrix to the surface isolates and protects the bone from surrounding tissue provides route and place for attachment for circulatory and nervous supply actively participates in bone growth and repair attaches bone to connective tissue network of deep fascia merges with connective tissue at epiphyses to form joint capsule
119
endosteum
lines medullary cavity incomplete cellular layer of epithelial cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteogenitor cells osteoblasts and osteoclasts have access to mineralized areas at exposed sites active in growth and repair modeling
120
3 sections of a bone
epiphysis metaphysis diaphysis
121
intramembranous ossification
layer of dermal (mesenchymal) cells replaced by osteoblasts grows as a flat sheet of bone occurs in bones of skull, mandible and clavicle mesenchymal cells aggregate and differentiate into osteoblasts which then cluster and secrete osteoid (mineralized with calcium salt) osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes
122
ossification center
location where ossification begins
123
lacunae
tiny spaces where osteocytes are trapped
124
spicules
small struts that contain developing bone that grows outward from ossification center
125
osteoblasts require
oxygen and reliable supply of nutrients
126
what happens as spicules interconnect
they trap blood vessels within the bone
127
how is a bony plate that is perforated by blood vessels created
continued deposition of bone by osteoblasts
128
yellow bone marrow
where fat is stored
129
red bone marrow
red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets produced here

anatomy (3 decks)

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