lecture notes week 3 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
proximal attachment of pectoralis major
A
clavicular head (anterior surface of medial half of clavicle) sternocostal head (anterolateral surface of sternum and 1st 6 costal cartilage
2
Q
distal attachment of pectoralis major
A
lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
3
Q
actions of pectoralis major
A
adducts and medially rotates humerus
clavicular head flexes humerus at shoulder joint
4
Q
innervation of pectoralis major
A
lateral and medial pectoral nerve
5
Q
proximal attachment of pectoralis minor
A
3rd-5th ribs near their costal cartilages
6
Q
distal attachment of pectoralis minor
A
medial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapula
7
Q
actions of pectoralis minor
A
stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall
8
Q
innervation of pectoralis minor
A
medial pectoral nerve
9
Q
proximal attachment of subclavius
A
junction of the first rib with its costal cartilage
10
Q
distal attachment of subclavius
A
inferior surface of middle third of clavicle
11
Q
actions of subclavius
A
anchors and depresses clavicle
12
Q
innervation of subclavius
A
nerve to subclavius
13
Q
proximal attachment of serratus anterior
A
anterolateral surface of 1st-8th ribs
14
Q
distal attachment of serratus anterior
A
anterior surface of medial border of scapula
15
Q
actions of serratus anterior
A
protracts scapula and holds it against posterior thoracic wall
lower fibers rotate scapula laterally
16
Q
innervation of serratus anterior
A
long thoracic nerve
17
Q
winged scapula
A
damage to serratus anterior or long thoracic nerve
may also affect rhomboids or trapezius
18
Q
long thoracic nerv
A
only nerve to lie superficial to muscle
19
Q
proximal attachments of deltoid
A
anterior fibers–lateral third of clavicle
lateral fibers–acromion process
posterior fibers–spine of scapula
20
Q
distal attachment of deltoid
A
deltoid tuberosity on lateral aspect of shaft of humerus
21
Q
actions of deltoid
A
anterior fibers–flex and medially rotate humerus
middle fibers–abduct humerus
posterior fibers–extend and laterally rotate humerus
22
Q
innervation of deltoid
A
axillary nerve
23
Q
deltopectoral triangle
A
region between pectoralis and deltoid
contains deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery and cephalic vein
24
Q
breast
A
unencapsulated gland in superficial fascia
circular base overlying ribs 2-6 extending from sternum to midaxillary line
25
what separates breast from pectoralis major
retromammary space
| permits mobility
26
what happens to breast at puberty
lactiferous ducts develop 15-20 lobules of glandular tissue
27
ducts of the breast
extend from the nipple
| expanded portion called lactiferous sinus collects milk during lactation
28
how is breast tissue attached to overlying skin
suspensory ligaments
29
polythelia
additional nipples lying on line from axilla to groin (embryonic mammary ridge)
30
axilla
```
apex
base
anterior wall
posterior wall
medial wall
lateral wall
```
31
apex
bounded by clavicle, scapula, ad 1st rib
32
base
skin and fascia
33
anterior wall
pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, clavipectoral fascia
34
posterior wall
subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi
35
medial wall
upper 4 ribs
| serratus anterior
36
lateral wall
intertubercular groove of humerus
37
contents of axilla
axillary sheath
| lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
38
axillary sheath
axillary artery
axillary vein
cords of brachial plexus
39
axillary artery
continuation of subclavian artery
divided into 3 parts by pectoralis major
continues as brachial artery
40
1st part of axillary artery
extends from lateral border of pectoralis minor
1 branch
superior thoracic
41
2nd part of axillary artery
passes posterior to pectoralis minor
2 branches
thoracoacromial
lateral thoracic
42
3rd part of axillary artery
```
extends from lateral border of pectoralis minor to lower order of teres major
3 branches
subscapular
anterior circumflex humeral
posterior circumflex humeral
```
43
superior thoracic artery supplies
1st 2 intercostal spaces and serratus anterior
44
thoracoacromial artery
```
4 branches
clavicular
pectoral
acromial
deltoid
```
45
lateral thoracic artery supplies
lateral aspect of breast, pectoral muscles, and serratus anterior
46
subscapular artery
divides into thoracodorsal artery
47
thoracodorsal artery
supplies latissimus dorsi and circumflex scapular
48
circumflex scapular
passes through triangular space and takes part in scapular anastomosis
49
anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
pass around the surgical neck of the humerus and anastomose
| posterior artery passes through quadrangular space and supplies deltoid, teres minor and triceps brachii
50
branches of the axillary artery
```
Screw The Lawyer Save A Patient
Superior thoracic artery
Thoraco-acromial trunk
Lateral thoracic artery
Subscapular artery
Anterior circumflex humeral artery
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
```
51
branches of thoraco-acromial trunk
```
Cadavers Are Dead People
Clavicular
Acromial
Deltoid
Pectoral
```
52
axillary vein
begins at lower border of teres major as joining of basilic and brachial veins or venae commitantes of brachial artery
has tributaries that correspond to axillary artery branches
53
axillary artery receives what
cephalic vein at its superior end
| renamed subclavian vein at the lateral border of the 1st rib
54
intrinsic muscles
```
grouped by attachment and function
extend from pelvis to cranium
maintain posture, extend, laterally flex, or rotate vertebral column
attached to vertebrae ribs and skull
invested by deep fascia
innervated by dorsal rami
```
55
layers of intrinsic back muscles
superficial--spenius capitis and cervicis
intermediate--erector spinae
deep--semispinalis
56
parts of erector spinae
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
57
splenius capitis
spinous processes of C7-T4 and ligamentum nuchae to mastoid process and lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line
58
splenius cervicis
spinous process of T3-T6 to transverse processes of C1-C3
59
innervation of splenius capitis and cervicis
dorsal primary rami
| blood supply from occipital and deep cervical arteries
60
actions of splenius capitis and cervicis
bilaterally extend head and cervical spine
| unilaterally flex neck and rotate head to same side
61
innervation of erector spinae
dorsal primary rami
| supplied by posterior branches of aorta
62
actions of erector spinae
keep spine erect bilaterally
| ipsilaterally flexes spine unilaterally
63
parts of semispinalis (deep intrinsic back muscles)
thoracis
cervicis
capitis
64
innervation of semispinlais
dorsal primary rami
65
actions of semispinalis
bilaterally extends head, cervical, and thoracic spine
| unilaterally bends them ipsilaterally and rotates them contralaterally
66
thoracolumbar fascia
3 layers of fascia enclose intrinsic back and posterior abdominal wall muscles
attaches to spinous and transverse processes
contains mechanoreceptors
67
thoracolumbar fascia origin for which muscles
latissimus dorsi
transversius abdominus
internal oblique
68
kinds of muscle tissue
skeletal muscles (attaches to bone or other muscles)
cardiac (heart)
smooth (muscular organs)
69
properties of muscle tissue
excitability
contractility
extensibility
70
excitability
muscle tissue responds to neural stimulation
71
contractibility
muscle tissue can generate tension (exert a physical force)
isotonic
isometric
72
isotonic
concentric: shortening contraction
eccentric: lengthening contraction
73
isometric
contraction without shortening
74
extensibility
ability to contract over a wide range of lenghts
75
functions of skeletal muscle
```
produce movement
maintain posture
protect soft tissues and generate pressure
maintain integrity of body openings
generate body heat
```
76
muscle tissue organization
muscles covered in epimysium
whole muscle composed of many fascicles
fascicles composed of many fibers
77
epimysium
dense irregular connective tissue surround entire muscle
78
organization of fascicles
fascicles divided and bound together by perimysium
fascicles may be visible to the unaided eye
small vessels and nerves run in perimysium
79
composition of fascicles
each muscle fiber surrounded by endomysium
| endomysium anchors muscle fibers together and supports capillaries that supply fibers
80
anatomy of skeletal muscle cell
muscle fibers can be large and are multinucleate (each muscle cells has hundreds of nuclei)
81
syncytium
what muscle cells form
multinuclear complex containing multiple nuclei
nuclei located just deep to the sarcolemma
82
muscle activity controlled by
nerves
83
nerve cells attach to muscle fibers at
specialized synapses
84
synapse
point of contact between 2 nerves or a nerve and another cell
85
how do nerves and muscle cells work together
meet at neuromuscular junction
| nerve signals muscle to contract
86
motor unit
motor neuron in spinal cord and all muscle fibers that are innervated by it
1 nerve may control 2 or 3 muscle fibers where precision is needed
a single neuron may innervate thousands of fibers where power and speed are needed
87
what happens upon stimulation of motor unit
all muscle fibers of unit will either contract completely or not at all
all or none principle
all fibers contract simultneously and fully
88
amount of force exerted depends on
how many motor units are activated
89
muscle tone
muscles always active even if only a little
motor units stimulated at random to give constant light tension
1 contracts then relaxes and then another takes over (all contribute and have time to rest)
stabilizes joints and tendons and keeps the muscle ready for stronger action when needed
keeps you warm
90
strength of contraction depends on
how many motor units are recruited simultaneously
| frequency of their contraction
91
peak tension occurs when
all motor units are contracting at maximal rate
| this state shore lives bc energy supplies are limited
92
function of muscles
move parts of skeleton with respect to another part
1 part usually stable and other moves
there's an origin and insertion
93
origin
point of attachment on skeletal element that remains stable
94
insertion
point of attachment on skeletal element that moves in response to muscular contraction
95
parallel muscles
biceps
96
parallel muscles with fibrous bands
rectus abdominis
97
convergent muscle
pectoralis muscles
98
unipennate muscle
extensor digitorum
99
bipennate muscle
rectus femoris
100
multipennate muscle
deltoid
101
circular muscle
orbicularis oris
| mouth muscle
102
muscles between 2 regions (axial and appendicular)
extrinsic
| trapezius (spine/skull and scapula)
103
muscles within 1 region
```
intrinsic
temporalis (temporal bone and mandible--both axial)
```
104
actions of muscles
```
requires at least 2 muscles to perform an action and reverse that action
prime mover (agonist)
antagonist
fixators
synergist
```
105
prime mover (agonist)
muscle whose action is responsible for producing movement
106
antagonist
muscles whose actions oppose agonist
107
fixators
steady proximal part of a limb while movements occurring in distal limb
108
synergist
complements the action of the prime mover
109
types of joints
3 functional categories
1. synarthrosis (immovable)
2. amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
3. diarthrosis (freely movable)
110
types of synarthrosis
suture--between bones on skull
gomphosis--teeth in sockets (alveolus)
synchondrosis--cartilage plate
synostosis--articulation converted to solid bone
111
types of amphiarthrosis
syndesmosis--ligamentous connections between bones (interosseous membranes and ligamentous connections between vertebrae)
symphysis--bones connected by fibrocartilaginous pad (pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs)
112
diarthrosis
free movement
| synovial joints
113
synovial joints
joint with fibrous joint capsule lined with synovial membrane
uniaxial
biaxial
polyaxial
114
uniaxial
movement in 1 plane
knee
elbow
115
biaxial
movement in 2 planes
ribs
wrist
116
polyaxial
movement in 3 planes
ball and socket joints
shoulder
hips
117
components of synovial joint
joint capsule
synovial membrane
articular cartilages
joint cavity containing synovial fluid
118
axes of joint movement
moving the point--linear motion
changing the shaft angle--angular motion
rotating the shaft--rotation
circumduction--POLYAXIAL
119
hinge joint
uniaxial
| elbow
120
plane joint
uniaxial
gliding joint
vertebrae of thorax
121
pivot joint
uniaxial
| atlas and axis cervical vertebrae
122
saddle joint
biaxial
| first carpal and metacarpal bones
123
ball and socket joint
polyaxial
shoulder
hips
124
temperomandibular joint
both hinge and gliding motion
