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anatomy > lecture notes quiz 2 > Flashcards

lecture notes quiz 2 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

endochondral ossification

A

preformed in hyaline cartilage model

  1. blood vessels grow around edges of cartilage
  2. cells of PERICHONDRIUM convert to osteoblasts
  3. shaft of cartilage is ensheathed in layer of bone
  4. vessels penetrate cartilage
  5. osteoblasts produce bone at primary ossification center
  6. bone formation spreads
  7. remodeling occurs as growth continues
  8. capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into epiphyses to create secondary ossification centers
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2
Q

what give bones their distinct shapes in endochondral ossification

A

numerous secondary ossification centers

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3
Q

diaphysis and epiphysis in endochondral ossification

A

epiphysis filled with spongy bone
epiphysis side creates cartilage
diaphysis side creates bone when osteoblasts invade and replace cartilage with bone

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4
Q

characteristics of bone

A

highly metabolic tissue
consumes oxygen
capable of repair
constantly being remodeled

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5
Q

bone as a mineral bank

A

calcium and phosphorus used for metabolic processes are mobilized from bone

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6
Q

markings on bone

A

every mark has a reason–something either pulling or pushing on bone to create mark

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7
Q

arteries and veins of bones

A

epiphyseal artery and vein
metaphyseal artery and vein
diaphysis: nutrient artery and vein, and periosteal arteries and veins

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8
Q

what causes pain when injury to bone

A

nerve supply to periosteum

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9
Q

long bone

A

humerus and femur

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10
Q

short bone

A

carpus and tarsus

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11
Q

flat bone

A

skull

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12
Q

irregular bone

A

vertebrae

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13
Q

sesamoid bone

A

patella

bones formed within a tendon to allow ease of motion

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14
Q

wormian bone

A

bone found in sutures of the skull

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15
Q

divisions of the skeleton

A

appendicular and axial skeleton

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16
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

upper limbs
lower limbs
limb girdles

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17
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull and associated bones (auditory ossicles, and hyoid)
vertebral column
thoracic cage

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18
Q

hyoid

A

only bone that has no articulation with other bone (not connected to a joint)

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19
Q

neurocranium

A

part of skull housing brain

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20
Q

splanchcranium

A

part of the skull associated with the face

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21
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

7 but 8 cervical nerves

transverse foramina

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22
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12
articulations for ribs
giraffe

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23
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

5
largest bodies
pointed transverse processes
moose

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24
Q

sacral and coccygeal

A 
5 sacral (fused) and 3-5 coccygeal (fused)
intervertebral foramina for nerves to exit
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25
features of typical vertebrae
vertebral arch formed by pedicles and lamina thick supporting body inferior and superior articular processes transverse process spinous process inferior and superior articular facet where adjacent vertebrae connect (covered in hyaline cartilage)
26
where do spinal nerves exit
intervertebral foramen
27
atlas
``` C1 yes vertebrae carries weight of skull no body transverse foramen transverse ligament that attaches it to dens on C2 ```
28
axis
C2 no vertebrae small vertebral body with dens sticking up where transverse ligament holds it to C1
29
thoracic cage
sternum and ribs
30
sternum
3 parts: manubrium (top)-- where clavicles attach body (long middle part) xiphoid (bottom pointed part)
31
ribs
12 pairs of ribs and associated cartilages 1-7=true ribs (direct attachment to sternum) 8-10=vertebrochondral (attached to sternum via cartilage) 11-12=floating ribs (not attached anteriorly--protect lower part of kidneys)
32
parts of a typical rib
articular facet (attach to vertebrae) neck tubercle (articulates with transverse process) angle (where it curves around lateral thoracic region) costal groove body (part on anterior of body that attaches to costal cartilage)
33
extrinsic back muscles
superficial/intermediate innervated by ventral rami superficial extend from back to pectoral or pelvic girdles and act on limbs intermediate may play a role in respiration or may be proprioceptive
34
intrinsic back muscles
``` deep maintain posture and move vertebral column attached to vertebrae, ribs, and skull invested by deep fascia innervated by dorsal rami ```
35
pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula attached to axial skeleton at sternoclavicular joint scapula attached to clavicle at 1 joint and attached to posterior thoracic wall by mucles scapular movement accompanied by movement of clavicle mobility on thorax enables greater range of movement of upper limb
36
clavicle
s-shaped bone with 2 curves 1 bone in body to ossify only horizontally oriented long bone bound by synovial joints to manubrium and scapula sternoclavicular joint only site of attachment of upper limb to axial skeleton articular disc compartmentalizing joint enabling movement in 2 joint spaces
37
articular disc
medial end of clavicle to 1st costal cartilage | acts as hinge enabling greater range of movement
38
scapula
irregularly shaped attached to clavicle at acromioclavicular joint and by coracoclavicular ligaments attached to vertebrae, ribs, hyoid, and humerus by 17 muscles upper limb suspended aaqt glenohumeral joint
39
movements of scapula
elevation/depression retraction/protraction lateral rotation/medial rotation
40
proximal attachment (origin) of trapezius
medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process C7-T12
41
distal attachment (insertion) of trapezius
superior fibers--lateral 1/3 of clavicle middle fibers--acromion process inferior fibers--spine of scapulae
42
actions of trapezius
superior fibers elevate and laterally rotate scapula middle fibers retract scapula inferior fibers depress and laterally rotate scapula
43
innervation of trapezius
spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) ventral rami of spinal nerve C3 and C4 transverse cervical artery
44
proximal attachment (origin) of latissimus dorsi
T7-T12 spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, posterior 1/3 of iliac crest, ribs 10-12 (inferior angle of scapula)
45
distal attachment (insertion) of latissimus dorsi
floor of intertubercular/bicipital groove of humerus
46
actions of latissimus dorsi
extends , adducts and medially rotates humerus at shoulder joint
47
innervation of latissimus dorsi
thoracodorsal nerve | thoracodorsal artery
48
thoracocolumbar fascia
links movement between upper and lower extremity in walking (posterior oblique swing)
49
proximal attachment (oring) of levator scapulae
posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4
50
distal attachment (insertions) of levator scapulae
superior angle and medial border of scapula above spine
51
actions of levator scapulae
elevates and medially rotates scapula
52
innervations of levator scapulae
dorsal scapular nerve | dorsal scapular artery
53
proximal attachment (origin) of rhomboid major
spinous processes T2-T5
54
distal attachment (insertions) of rhomboid major
medial border of scapula, below spine
55
proximal attachment (origin) of rhomboid minor
spinous processes C7-T11
56
distal attachment (insertions) of rhomboid minor
medial border of scapula, opposite spine
57
actions of rhomboid major and minor
retract, elevate, and medially rotate scapula
58
innervation of rhomboid major and minor
dorsal scapular nerve
59
proximal attachment of serratus posterior superior
spinous processes C7-T3
60
distal attachment of serratus posterior superior
superior borders of ribs 2-5
61
actions of serratus posterior superior
proprioception, weak elevation of ribs 2-5
62
innervation of serratus posterior superior
ventral rami of T2-T5
63
proximal attachment of serratus posterior inferior
spinous processes T11-L2
64
distal attachment of serratus posterior inferior
inferior borders of ribs 9-12
65
action of serratus posterior inferior
proprioception, weakly depresses ribs 9-12
66
innervation of serratus posterior inferior
ventral rami of T9-T12
67
proximal attachments of deltoid
anterior fibers--lateral 1/3 of clavicle lateral fibers--acromion process posterior fibers--spine of scapula
68
distal attachment of deltoid
deltoid tuberosity on lateral aspect of shaft of humerus
69
actions of deltoid
anterior fibers flex and medially rotate humerus middle fibers abduct humerus posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate humerus
70
innervation of deltoid
axillary nerve | posterior circumflex humeral artery
71
proximal attachment of teres major
lower 1/3 of lateral border of scapula
72
distal attachment of teres major
medial lip of intertubercular/bicipital groove of humerus
73
actions of teres major
extension, adduction and medial rotation of humerus
74
innervation of teres major
lower subscapular nerve
75
what do ball and head of humerus articulate with
shallow glenoid fossa--deepened by glenoid labrum, surrounded by capsule
76
rotator cuff muscles
``` stabilize shoulder joint attached to tubercles of humerus form musculotendinous cuff that adheres to and strengthens capsule subscapularis supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor ```
77
proximal attachment of subscapularis
subscapular fossa to lesser tubercle of humerus
78
innervation of subscapularis
upper and lower subscapular nerves
79
actions of subscapularis
medial rotation, adduction of humerus, stabilizes shoulder joint to prevent anterior dislocation
80
proximal attachment of supraspinatus
supraspinous fossa to superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
81
innervation of supraspinatus
suprascapular nerve
82
actions of supraspinatus
initiates abduction of humerus | stabilizes shoulder joint
83
proximal attachment of infraspinatus
infraspinous fossa to middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus
84
innervation of infraspinatus
suprascapular nerve
85
actions of infraspinatus
laterally rotates humerus | stabilizes shoulder joint
86
proximal attachment of teres minor
middle of lateral border of scapula to inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
87
innervation of teres minor
axillary nerve
88
actions of teres minor
laterally rotates adducts humerus stabilizes shoulder joint

anatomy (3 decks)

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