lecture quiz 6 study deck

Question 1

how did land plants evolve?

Answer 1

had a common ancestor with green algae that lived in freshwater

Question 2

what are the 4 major plant groups?

Answer 2

non-vascular plants, vascular seedless plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Question 3

how old is did the first green algae live?

Answer 3

700 to 725 million years ago

Question 4

how do green algae depend on water?

Answer 4

support, minerals, reproduction

Question 5

to live on land what did plants evolve to have?

Answer 5

resisted drying out, absorbed nutrients, stand up straight without support, and reproduce independently of the water

Question 6

land plants traits

Answer 6

multicellular eukaryotes, terrestrial and sessile, embryo protection, and photoautotrophic

Question 7

embryo protection

Answer 7

land plants protect the embryo in the body of the female plant, it is nourished by the parent plant, first appears in non vascular plants

Question 8

bryophytes

Answer 8

non-vascular plants, lack roots and vascular tissue, small, dependent on water, ex: mosses

Question 9

preventing water loss

Answer 9

the stomata: pores bounded by cells that allow uptake of CO2 while limiting h2o loss, cuticle: waxy sealant that prevents the loss of h2o but inhibits uptake of co2

Question 10

flavonoids

Answer 10

pigments that act like plant sunscreen

Question 11

angiosperms

Answer 11

fruiting and flowering plants, reproductive structures that attract pollinators and develop into fruit

Question 12

gymnosperms

Answer 12

seed plants, don’t need water to reproduce, do not produce flowers or fruit, most are cone bearing conifers

Question 13

vascular plants

Answer 13

plants with vascular tissue that transport water and nutrients, roots

Question 14

xylem

Answer 14

transports water and minerals from roots upwards

Question 15

phloem

Answer 15

transports sugar, amino acids, hormones, and other substances from shoots to roots

Question 16

seedless vascular plants

Answer 16

first to evolve vascular tissue for transport, larger than bryophytes, use spores for reproduction, wind dispersed, ex: ferns

Question 17

pollen

Answer 17

tiny male gametophytes surrounded by a tough coat of pollen, can be exposed to air, can be carried by diff methods

Question 18

seeds

Answer 18

seeds holding embryos were portable and allowed for further dispersal, includes embryo and surrounding

Question 19

downside of spores

Answer 19

lack stored nutrients that seeds have

Question 20

directed pollination hypothesis

Answer 20

natural selection favors structures that reward an animal for carrying pollen from one flower to another, nectar produced to attract pollinators, or protein rich pollen

Question 21

stigma

Answer 21

female part of the flower, the center of the reproduction

Question 22

stamen

Answer 22

male flower parts including the filament and anther

Question 23

petals

Answer 23

the parts inside the sepals, often colorful and attract pollinators

Question 24

ovary

Answer 24

the protected coat outside the embryo, typically the wall of the ovary turns into a fruit

Question 25

style

Answer 25

the tube that leads from the embryo to the stigma

Question 26

plant-pollinator coevolution

Answer 26

changes in angiosperms and their respective pollinators had vast effects on each other and experienced coevolution due to their prolonged interactions

Question 27

animal dispersed seeds and fruits

Answer 27

colorful, sweet, good for animals, bribes them to disperse seeds

Question 28

adaptive radiation

Answer 28

single lineage produces a large number of descendants that are adapted to a wide variety of habitats

Question 29

animal classification

Answer 29

multicellular organisms, well developed tissues, lack cell walls, extensive ECM, heterotrophic by ingestion, move under their power, neurons (not sponges), muscle cells

Question 30

sponges

Answer 30

first animal to appear in the fossil record, 700 mya, similar to choanoflagelletes, no complex tissue, paraphyletic group

Question 31

diploblasts

Answer 31

embryos have 2 types of tissues, ectoderm and endoderm

Question 32

triploblasts

Answer 32

animals whos embryos have 3 tissue layers, ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 33

eumetazoans

Answer 33

true tissues

Question 34

parazoans

Answer 34

no tissues

Question 35

adult tissue development (triploblasts)

Answer 35

mesoderm becomes muscle and internal structures, ectoderm turns into skin, endoderm turns into lining of digestive system

Question 36

origin of movement

Answer 36

cnidarians lack true mesoderm, but move bycontractile proteins in epitheliomuscular cells, similar to mesodermal muscle cells

Question 37

origin of muscle

Answer 37

all animals have homologous genes for contractile proteins actin and myosin, convergent evolution with deep homology behind it

Question 38

radial symmetry

Answer 38

symmetry in which the animal can be cut in multiple planes, echinoderms have this

Question 39

bilateral symmetry

Answer 39

only one plant divides the organism into mirror images, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca, nematodes, arthropodsa, chordata

Question 40

cnidarians

Answer 40

hydra, free floating, have tentacles with a cnidocyte that stings, aquactic invertabrates, no central nervous sytem, diploblasts

Question 41

origin of nervous system

Answer 41

nervous systems are diverse, range from nerve net to CNS, bilateral organisms tend to have conc nerve ends at one end of the body, caused cephalization (brain)

Question 42

origin of the head

Answer 42

cephalization, due to one structure were all senses and info was processed in a large mass of neurons, diversity in abilities, sight, smell, touch, taste

Question 43

protostome

Answer 43

mouth first, gut develops front to back, almost all species are this, important scientific models

Question 44

deuterostome

Answer 44

mouth second, gut develops back to front, echinodermata, chordata

Question 45

molting

Answer 45

shedding an exoskeleton, and replacing it with a larger one at intervals, ecdysis

Question 46

ecdysozoans

Answer 46

nematodes, arthropods

Question 47

chordates

Answer 47

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, postanal tail, gill pouches/slits, formed in embryos

Question 48

notochord

Answer 48

rod of tissue extending from head to tail, stiffens when muscles contract during locomotion

Question 49

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Answer 49

forms CNS in vertebrates

Question 50

pharyngeal slits

Answer 50

earliest chordates were aquatic but all retain gill slits in embryos

Question 51

post-anal tail

Answer 51

in some chordates this is only in embryo, but a tail

Question 52

vertebrate chordates

Answer 52

protect nerve cord, places for muscle attachment, opened the way for adaptive radiation of strong animals

Question 53

lampreys

Answer 53

skeletons made of cartilage, parasites, scrape prey with sharp tongue

Question 54

jaws

Answer 54

hinged bones that frame into the opening of the mouth, arose from gill arches, enabled to bite into prey and bite chunks

Question 55

fins

Answer 55

paired fins allow for fish to swim fast and straight, allowing for manuevering and get to prey,

Question 56

fish

Answer 56

aquatic vertebrates with gills and fins, streamlined body

Question 57

types of fishes

Answer 57

cartilaginous fishes, lobe finned fishes, ray-finned fishes

Question 58

transition from water to land

Answer 58

respiration, gravity, egg drying out (dessication)

Question 59

gravity transtition

Answer 59

animals required way more support to resist the increased gravity on land

Question 60

amniotic egg

Answer 60

allowed for eggs to transition onto land and resisted drying when exposed to air

Question 61

amphibians

Answer 61

first terrestrial vertebrates, eggs had to be laid in water but could venture to land when grown

Question 62

reptiles

Answer 62

paired kidneys, amniotes, skin covered in scales, body temp controlled by outside conditions (ectothermic)

Question 63

diploblasts (which of 9)

Answer 63

all except porifera

Question 64

diploblasts (which of 9)

Answer 64

cnidarians, cnetophora

Question 65

bilateral symmetry (which of 9)

Answer 65

platyhelminthes, annelids, mollusca, nematoda, arthropoda, chordata

Question 66

triploblasts (which of 9)

Answer 66

platyhelminthes, annelids, mollusca, nematoda, arthropoda, chordata, echinodermata

Question 67

coelom (which of 9)

Answer 67

annelids, mollusca, nematoda, arthropoda, echinodermata, chordata

Question 68

segmentation (which of 9)

Answer 68

annelids and chordata

Question 69

radial symmetry (which of 9)

Answer 69

echinodermata

Question 70

loss of coelom (which of 9)

Answer 70

platyhelminthes