Lecture Slides - Introduction to the Developmental Perspective

Question 1

What perspective is this: Human development is the product of changing relations between the developing person and his or her changing multilevel contexts

Answer 1

developmental systems perspective

Question 2

What is the problem with the developmental systems perspective model?

Answer 2

they do not look at the “exception to the rule” – these are just models, they are not hard wired facts

Question 3

Motor development is the study of change in motor behaviour as influenced by ____ and _____ factors.

Answer 3

biological and environmental

Question 4

In the article about school recess and how it is regularly given and only to students up to the 4th grade, identify the aspects of physical and social context at this school that influenced the children’s development?

Answer 4

1) irregular recess
2) only until 4th grade
3) very little space
4) teacher dependent

Question 5

change can be measured in what two ways?

Answer 5

qualitatively and quantitatively

Question 6

What are the 5 major goals of the developmentalist?

Answer 6

1. describe characteristic change
2. when changes occur
3. what causes changes
4. can change be predicted
5. is change individual or universal

Question 7

LEARN THE VENN DIAGRAM OF THE DETERMINANTS OF MOTOR BEHAVIOUR

Answer 7

it is page 5 of the text

Question 8

____ are opportunities for action that objects,

events or places in the environment provide.

Answer 8

affordances

Question 9

“fixed qualities at birth that account for

individual traits and characteristics”

Answer 9

heredity

Question 10

“observable changes in quantity”

Answer 10

growth

Question 11

“process of change in individual’s level of

functioning”

Answer 11

development

Question 12

“biological events occur e.g. 1st menstrual flow for females, adolescent growth spurts”

Answer 12

maturation

Question 13

“circumstances, objects or conditions of one’s surroundings”

Answer 13

environmental contexts

Question 14

“conditions within the environment that may
alter or modify various developmental characteristics
through learning process”

Answer 14

experience

Question 15

“permanent changes in performance as a result from practice or previous experience”

Answer 15

learning

Question 16

how are growth and development related?

Answer 16

growth is a component of development - development is a change in function and it needs growth

Question 17

How are growth and the environment related?

Answer 17

we need appropriate nutrition to grow; proteins, vitamins, minerals

Question 18

how are environment and development related?

Answer 18

affordances

Question 19

“Refers to when
specific biological events occur i.e. the underlying timetable of developmental events e.g. age that children start to walk, age of menarche.”

Answer 19

maturation

Question 20

“Refers to change
in the individual’s level of functioning e.g. Change from walking with assistance to walking alone, beginning to step forward to transfer weight during the throw.”

Answer 20

development

Question 21

opportunities for action that objects, events, or places provide are referred to as _____

Answer 21

affordances

Question 22

The evidence about tricycle riding from Johnny & Jimmy demonstrate the concept of ______

Answer 22

readiness

Question 23

9 major assumptions about development?

Answer 23

1. continual and cumulative process
2. all domains of development are interrelated
3. wide range of individual differences
4. environmental context plays a major role
5. critical and sensitive periods
6. aided by positive stimulation
7. plasticity
8. motor development is a dynamic process - not pre-wired but self organizing
9. regression is inevitable

Question 24

STAGES:

• prenatal
• infancy
• childhood
• adolescence
• adulthood

Answer 24

• prenatal = conception to birth
• infancy = birth to 2yr
• childhood = 2-6yr (early) and 6-12yr (late)
• adolescence = 12-18yrs
• adulthood = 18yrs and older

Question 25

PHASES: - reflexive/spontaneous movement - rudimentary - fundamental movement - sport skill - growth and refinement - peak performance - regression

Answer 25

- reflexive/spontaneous movement = 0-6 month - rudimentary = birth to 2 yrs - fundamental movement = 2-6 yrs - sport skill = 6-12yrs - growth and refinement = 12-18yrs - peak performance = approx 18-30 - regression = approx 30-70

Question 26

4 reasons why we study motor development?

Answer 26

1. Need to be aware of what others can and cannot do 2. Understand normal vs abnormal 3. Improve health and optimize motor performance 4. Knowledge enhances understanding of ourselves

Question 27

What are microgenetic research designs?

Answer 27

- Tracked over time but over a series of sessions from the time it begins until stabilizes as subjects master an expected or novel task (eg. reflexes)

Question 28

What is a sequential research design?

Answer 28

Allows researchers to study several different-aged samples over a period of years - different ages by compared at the same chronological ages

Question 29

Research in motor development has a goal of explaining ______. It seeks to identify what two processes?

Answer 29

change; perception-action and brain-body

Question 30

Biggest problem with longitudinal studies?

Answer 30

dropout

Question 31

___ ____ studies give you a snapshot in time, while _____ allows you to track change

Answer 31

cross sectional; longitudinal

Question 32

What is the problem with cross-sectional research?

Answer 32

you can not compare because the subjects are different ages - differences in measuring changes

Question 33

"tracks change from the time it begins until it stabilizes, as subjects master a novel or an everyday task"

Answer 33

microgenetic research

Question 34

"follows a group of subjects born in different years over time"

Answer 34

sequential research designs

Question 35

What are the 4 theoretical views?

Answer 35

1. Contributing 2. Environmental systems 3. Biological systems 4. Environmental/biological

Question 36

"development is tied predominantly to biological maturation"

Answer 36

Maturation view - Contributing View

Question 37

"learning comes from observation of others and the environment"

Answer 37

Learning-behavioural view - Contributing View

Question 38

"Children are not passive learners; they seek experiences. In the process of developing the cognitive domain, play is important"

Answer 38

Cognitive-developmental view - Contributing View

Question 39

"Individual development may be modified by 5 distinct ecological systems"

Answer 39

Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory - Environmental Systems

Question 40

"individuals can directly perceive info in the environ. and act with a reasonable response - the environ. provides affordances"

Answer 40

Gibson's ecological perspective - Environmental Systems

Question 41

"development is described in the context of a computer that has hardware and software, which operate in the form of input, central processing (planning), and output (motor response)"

Answer 41

Information-processing view - Biological Systems

Question 42

"the question of how the brain controls muscle and joint movements is addressed - control is executed by collections of muscles and joint variables that act as basic units of movement (synergies)"

Answer 42

Coordinative structures - Biological Systems

Question 43

"the emergence (unfolding) of movement patters as a dynamic and self-organizing process is described"

Answer 43

Dynamic systems theory - Biological Systems

Question 44

"wiring and control of motor control from the brain to the muscle (motor) unit are explained"

Answer 44

Neuronal group selection theory - Biological Systems

Question 45

"this applied model describes three analytical features (constraints) to motor performance: the performer, the environment, and the task"

Answer 45

Constraints model - Applied (environment/biology)

Question 46

Maturation View (Gesell) is: ___ tied to ____

Answer 46

behaviour; maturation

Question 47

"1930-40s. Basically it’s the result of inherited factors and required little stimulation (born a pro), emergence of patterns of development of organize systems, physical structures, and motor capabilities under genetic forces" What view?

Answer 47

Maturation View

Question 48

Learning-Behavioural View (Bandura): ____ Learning ("modeling") and _____ learning theory

Answer 48

observational; social

Question 49

"cognitively represent the behaviour of others and then are likely to adopt this behaviour ourselves. A boy may adopt the competitive manner of this father and display such behaviour when observed with the boys peers"

Answer 49

social learning theory (learning behavioural view)

Question 50

Cognitive-Developmental View (Piaget): ____ experience and importance of ____

Answer 50

contextual; play

Question 51

"solves problems through interactions with environment, child seeks out experiences, through play we can test : physical, cognitive, social behaviours and once practiced/tested can be part of memory"

Answer 51

cognitive developmental view

Question 52

The two prominent theories that are consistent with a developmental systems perspective are?

Answer 52

1. Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory | 2. Gibson's Ecological Perspective

Question 53

What 6 parts does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory include?

Answer 53

1. Individual 2. Microsystem (setting in which individual lives) 3. Mesosystem (interactions in micro) 4. Exosystem (not active member) 5. Macrosystem (attitudes and ideologies of culture) 6. Chronosystem (sociohistorical)

Question 54

In gibson's ecological perspective, we act on _____

Answer 54

affordances

Question 55

"Similar to developmental systems but added TASK constraints…An approach to observing and studying motor behaviour. Incorporates developmental system of task and environment; but also includes the individual. e.g. walking, and age….steps, hills, unstable objects"

Answer 55

Newell's Constraints Model

Question 56

A ____ can facilitate or restrict development

Answer 56

constraint

Question 57

New motor behaviours emerge as a result of changes in _____, ____, or _____

Answer 57

individual (eg. height), task (eg. goal, rules, equipment), or environment (eg. surface)

Question 58

Motor development is change in motor behaviour, resulting from interaction of ____ processes and ______

Answer 58

biological; environment

Question 59

The goal of motor development is to understand factors that influence ____

Answer 59

change

Question 60

Motor skill development is ______ and ____ ____

Answer 60

dynamic and self-organizing

Question 61

Research assists in what 3 things?

Answer 61

- understanding - guide development - improve health and performance