Lecture Slides - Perceptual Development Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
-
-
A
- motor incompetence
- tabula rasa
- emergence of abilities
2
Q
The wire cube test is a test of ____ _____
A
guided hallucinations
3
Q
When doing research on babies, we can use the preference method: active ____ and ______. This involves what three things?
A
selective and adaptive;
- looking rate - ability to focus on an object for a long period of time
- sucking rate
- heart rate
4
Q
The preference method also includes what 4 things?
A
- perceptual discrimination
- perceptual preference
- habituation
- dishabituation
5
Q
Fill in the blank:
- ______ ______: differentiating stimuli
- ____ _____: attractive vs not
- _____: something becomes boring
- ____: something new or stimulating
A
- perceptual discrimination
- perceptual preference
- habituation
- dishabituation
6
Q
_____ is limited at birth
A
acuity
7
Q
colour early on is distinguishable with ____ ____. example?
A
high contrasts; eg. black vs white
8
Q
by ___ months, babies usually have colour patterns down
A
4
9
Q
At 1 month, babies are _____ ____ when it comes to vision. What does this mean?
A
contour oriented; this means they see the outside - if you put a triangle inside a circle they will only see the circle
10
Q
What age can babies look beyond the contours?
A
2 months generally
11
Q
What do children value?
A
faces and expressions, this is where the verbal stimuli comes from! They are exposed to them a lot; they are brought into the world and see a face, and that face is who takes care of them
12
Q
Studies examining highest rates of focus and “looking time” found the _____ to be the most stimulating to a child
A
face
13
Q
Children show interest in faces after about ___ days
A
3
14
Q
by __ months, children show preferential treatment and facial recognition
A
3
15
Q
By 6 months, what can a child recognize in a face? (3)
A
- distorted faces (thatcherized)
- classify sex
- classify attractiveness
16
Q
At what age do children get the ability to distinguish depth perception?
A
around 6-7 months they can identify a looming stimulus
17
Q
Habituation:
- ?
- ?
A
- sucking rate and or HR, head turn
- baby talk (detecting sound at a higher pitch)
18
Q
When can babies start detecting sounds at a higher pitch? (eg. “baby talk”)
A
25th week
19
Q
Intermodal perception is ___, ____, and ____
A
sight, sound and feeling
20
Q
at __-__ months babies are able to read lips
A
3-4
21
Q
By 6 months, babies will pick a happy looking dog over a scary looking dog, why is this a good thing?
A
they have developed a defense mechanism
22
Q
Babies are activity seekers, meaning that they use ___ to sample
A
senses (they take in sensory information to learn)
23
Q
Perception involves the _____ (reception) and _____ of sensory information
A
monitoring and interpretation
24
Q
What is interpretation (part of perceptual development) based on?
A
pas experience (memory) and cognitive analysis (judgement) of the information
25
An aeroplane is an example of ___ _____ meaning it continues to exist as it is despite changes in angle, height, ect.
perceptual constancy
26
When a baby understands that a toy is still there when you put it under a blanket out of sight this is called ______ _____
object permenance
27
Around 1 year, experts say that native conceptualizing broadens while non-native decreases. What is this called?
perceptual narrowing
28
Of the 6 perceptual modalities, ___ and _____ are most important for movement.
vision and kinesthesis
29
human movement has ____-_____ characteristics
spatial-temporal
30
Approximately ___% of all sensory information is derived from the visual system
80%
31
Visual information is used to formulate a ___ ___, monitory movement activity, and provide _____
motor program; feedback
32
T/F: All visual structures are intact at birth, but several are immature.
True!
33
How does the size of the eye change between birth and maturity?
it doubles
34
The retina contains two _______. What do they do?
photoreceptors; turn light into nerve signals
35
____ are responsible for vision in low illumination (night vision)
rods
36
____ are responsible for colour vision and visual acuity.
cones
37
where are cones most densely packed?
in the fovea
38
Cones are contained within the ____, the portion of the retina responsible for ___ vision
macula; central
39
Tip to help remember:
| Cone = Colour and visual aCuity (all C's)
yeaaaaaaa
40
What 5 difficulties does a newborn eye have compared to an adult eye?
- difficulty focusing because cornea is not symmetrical
- farsighted because distance from lense to nerves is short
- inefficient nerves to brain
- retina (no fovea) = clarity problems
- cant change shape of cornea to adjust focus
41
By year _ the basic structures of retina are similar to adults
1
42
Increasing the number of dendritic branches and myelination is complete at __-__ months
4-5
43
How is static visual acuity determined?
using a Snellen eye chart - the one you would see at the eye doctors - eg. measures 20/40 vision (meaning you see at 20ft what a person with normal vision sees at 40ft)
44
"ability to see the detail in moving objects; ability of CNS to estimate and objects direction; ability of the ocular-motor system to catch and hold an objects image on the eyes fovea long enough to see detail"
dynamic visual acuity
45
Visual acuity for the following ages:
- birth
- 6 months
- end of 1 year
- 12 years
- 20/200 to 20/600
- 20/100 (static)
- 20/20 (static)
- dynamic adult like
46
"the ability to distinguish detail in objects"
visual acuity
47
____ ____ (8-12 m; A not B error [last seen] approx 2 years)
object permanence
48
Perceptual constancy - conservation (matures approx __ years)
11
49
Aware of basic spatial dualism (high/low, front/back, over/under) approx __-__ years
3-4
50
Perceived spatial orientation by __ years
8
51
Object permanence: Under __ months = no object permanence, __-__ months = some recognition if object is partially visible, __-__ months shows signs of object permanence
4, 4-8, 8-12
52
"ability to distinguish an object from its surrounding background; example: tracking ball as it moves through the sky"
figure-ground perception
53
Figure group perfection improves steadily between ages of __ and ___
4 and 13
54
All ages are more proficient at distinguishing ____ figures in distracting backgrounds
familiar
55
T/F: Depth perception is absent at birth
true
56
Depth perception - Fair accuracy at judging depth at __ months; by age ___ there is adult-like depth perception
6; 12
57
Field of vision is also known as _____ vision
peripheral
58
"the entire extent of the environment that can be seen without a change in the fixation of the eye; approximately 180 degrees"
field of vision
59
Field of vision has basic development at __ months and is adult like by __ years
12; 5 years
60
Perception of movement: ____, ___, and ____ of moving objects
detection, tracking and interception
61
"rapid movements between one point of visual fixation and another - the process of focusing one's gaze on something"
saccadic eye movements
62
By ___ hours, infants can track something, by __ months they can track and predict path of slow-moving objects,
48; 4
63
At maturity (approx ___ years), a saccade moves the eye approx __% of the distance to the target. Can these be changed?
12 years; 90%; yea they can changed based on how much a child is exposed to opportunity
64
__-__ wks can track a 180 degree arc; __-__ years can track objects in horizontal plane; __-__ years can track balls that travel in arc
**all without moving head**
40-52wks; 5-6yrs; 8-9yrs
65
"process involving object interception"
coincidence timing
66
Tracing matures at about ___ years
12
67
Ability to time movements to an interception point improves until young adulthood. Accuracy decreases when ____ increases.
velocity
68
"ability to coordinate visual and motor behaviour to a single coincident point such as in catching a ball"
What is the best predictor of this?
coincident timing
amount of sport experienced is a better indicator of ability than age is
69
Where does the kinesthetic system receive sensory input from?
receptors located in muscles, tendons, joints, and the vestibular system (balance, orientation)
70
"the ability to sense the position and location and orientation and movement of the body and its parts"
proprioception
71
The ____ system is the inner-ear balance organ that senses the position and motion of the head in space and contributes to our balance and sense of spatial orientation.
vestibular
72
Dynamic balance results from a complex interplay between what three things?
- vestibular system
- vision
- proprioception
73
"ability to proprioceptively detect differences and match qualities such as location, distance, weight, force, speed"
kinesthetic (discrimination) acuity
74
kinesthetic (discrimination) acuity approaches adult levels by age __
8
75
"reproduction of movements"
kinesthetic memory
76
Kinesthetic memory reaches a mature state after __ years of age
12
77
The two basic physiological aspects of kinesthetic perception are what?
kinesthetic acuity and memory
78
Applied aspects of kinesthetic perception: Body awareness consists of what 4 aspects?
1. Spatial awareness
2. Directional awareness
3. Vestibular awareness
4. Temporal (rhythmic) awareness
79
Applied aspects of kinesthetic perception: Spatial awareness consists of what 3 aspects?
1. Directional awareness
2. Vestibular awareness
3. Temporal (rhythmic) awareness
80
Directional awareness:
- _____ (internal - two sides of body)
- ____ (external - eg. under, over, behind, beside)
laterality; directionality
81
Vestibular Awareness:
| - Adult-like at approx __ years, specific continues to develop (if what?)
12; if trained
82
Temporal (rhythmic) awareness:
| - Keeping time improves dramatically from __-__ years
2-5
83
By __ years old, children can RESPOND to someone naming parts
1
84
By ___ years, children are able to IDENTIFY body parts - what is this ability associated with?
6; associated with language and conceptual skills
85
Body awareness is LURN. What does this acronym stand for?
L-locate
U-understand
R-relationships
N-name
86
"ability to detect, discriminate, associate, and interpret auditory stimuli"
auditory perception
87
When is hearing present?
before birth
88
Refinement of hearing is from ____ to ___ months - almost as sensitive as adults (significant improvement to early teens)
birth to 6 months
89
Gibson's Ecological Perspective:
- holds that infants directly perceive and act on info that exists in the ______
- individuals actively explore the environment and experience rather than having an experience
- environment provides _____
- action depends on what 5 things?
environment
affordances
1. task
2. developmental level
3. experience
4. present need
5. cognitive awareness
90
What did Karen Adolph's research highlight?
The important role of experience in motor skill acquisition and the essential role of perceptual exploration in controlling motor actions adaptively
