Lecture Test 4

Question 1

What is a species?

Answer 1

A population of organisms that can, and normally does, interbreed successfully with one another but not with members of other populations (other species).
An evolutionarily independent population or group of populations.

Question 2

Morphospecies concept

Answer 2

Distinguishing features are most likely to arise if populations are independent and isolated from gene flow

Question 3

Pluto’s theory of evolution

Answer 3

Each organism as perfect and unchanging

Typological thinking

Question 4

Aristotle’s theory of evolution

Answer 4

“Great Chain of Being”
Species are fixed
Higher and lower order
Species immutability

Question 5

Carl Linnaeus

Answer 5

1735 “Systema Naturae”
Classification of all species
Humans as Primates

Question 6

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

Answer 6

Used Newton’s physics
Age of Earth is 70,000 years
Earth has history – origins of life
Change through migration

Question 7

Thomas Malthus

Answer 7

Political economist, not biologist
Population effects in humans
Will the food supply keep up?
Will those with the strongest traits survive?

Question 8

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 8

Animals seemed to have acquired traits
Giraffe – long neck
Reasoned that through use and effort the neck became longer
Problems (does it explain the facts)?

Question 9

Georges Cuvier

Answer 9

Naturalist
Anatomist and fossil expert
Concept of extinction as ordinary
99% of all species

Question 10

Charles Lyell

Answer 10

Rock cycle, erosion, fossils

Age of the Earth in millions

Question 11

Alfred Russell Wallace

Answer 11

Geographic distribution of animals

Led to exploration of plate tectonics and biogeography

Question 12

Gregor Mendel

Answer 12

Genetic variation
Offspring ratios
Inherited and non-inherited traits

Question 13

Rev JS Henslow

Answer 13

Naturalist and teacher
Encouraged Darwin with field studies
Introduced Darwin to geology
Passed on the opportunity to travel on the HMS Beagle

Question 14

Artificial Selection

Answer 14

by breeders can produce major changes in body form
Variation Choose particular animals to reproduce Develop new breeds with an increase or decrease of particular trait

Question 15

Natural Selection

Answer 15

will also lead to major changes over time

Variation Differences in survival, growth, and reproduction More offspring from those variants that are best adapted to particular environment

Question 16

Geologic time

Answer 16

Vastness
4.6 billion years
Eras
Periods
Earliest life ~3.4-3.8 billion years
24 hour clock
Humans at very end (last few seconds)

Question 17

Fossils

Answer 17

Any evidence of former life forms
Bones/skeletons, teeth, animal tracks, leaves and stems, etc
Rapid covering, right environmental conditions (sedimentary)

Question 18

Transitional Forms

Answer 18

Intermediate between older & younger species

Tiktaalik as example

Question 19

Extinction

Answer 19

Complete loss of a species from Earth

Periodic

Question 20

Vestigial Traits

Answer 20

Human traits
Pseudogenes
Anatomical parts
Other species
Lungfish fins
Cave fish eyes
Dew claws
Wings on flightless birds and insects

Question 21

Geographical distribution

Answer 21

Variation across continents

Similarities of species

Question 22

Homology

Answer 22

Genetic homology
DNA sequences are conserved
Mutations 
Developmental homology
Embryonic similarities

Question 23

Darwin’s Postulates

Answer 23

Individual organisms in a population vary
Some of the trait differences are heritable
More offspring are produced than can survive
Some survive to produce offspring, some do not
Those that survive best and reproduce are not a random sample
Individuals with certain traits do better
The environment picks the survivors

Question 24

Today’s Synthesis

Answer 24

Evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variation leads to differential reproductive success

Question 25

Fitness

Answer 25

Survival of the fittest | reproductive success

Question 26

adaptation

Answer 26

Modification for a certain enviornment a trait with a current functional role leads to natural selection

Question 27

Limitiations of natural election

Answer 27

Fitness trade-offs Pleiotropy Lack of genetic variation Cloning? Historical constraints All traits have evolved from earlier traits

Question 28

evolution works on populations, not individuals

Answer 28

evolution works on populations, not individuals

Question 29

What is the drving force of microevolution?

Answer 29

changes in alleles

Question 30

n=

Answer 30

total number of individuals

Question 31

for the harvey weinberg law to hold true certain conditions must be met:

Answer 31

``` Population is very large (infinite?) Mating is random Mutations do not occur (or are equal) Migration is nil or equal Natural selection is creating no selection pressure Generations are non-overlapping Parents produce multiple offspring ```

Question 32

HW inbreeding

Answer 32

Mating among relatives Leads to homozygosity Does not promote evolution

Question 33

sexual selection

Answer 33

Courtship, dominance of a male Female choice May leads to sexual dimorphism May drive evolution

Question 34

immigration

Answer 34

inward

Question 35

emmigration

Answer 35

outword