Lecture Week 1 Flashcards by Maci Shupe

What is anatomy?

Study of structure

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What is physiology?

Study of function

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What are the principle levels of organization in humans?

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

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What are the basic principles of the cell theory?

-Cells are the structural building blocks of all organisms
-New cells only arise when other cell divides
-Cells are the smallest units of life

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What is a theory?

Best current explanation for something that we’ve observed - can always be disproven

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What is tissue?

Collection of similarly specialized cells

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What are the 4 main categories of tissues?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural/Nervous

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What is Epithelial Tissue?

-Covers and protects exposed surfaces
-Lines internal passageways and chambers

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What is connective tissue?

-Fills internal spaces
-Provides structural support
-Stores energy

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What does muscle tissue do?

Contracts to produce movement

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What are fibers?

Cells of muscle tissues

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What does nervous tissue do?

-Contains cells called neurons that help nerve impulses communicate
-conducts electrical impulses
-carries information

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What are organs?

Formed from collection of different tissue

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What is an organ system?

Team of organs that work together

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What is an organism?

Everything working together in the body

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What is homeostasis?

Refers to a stable internal environment

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How do you maintain homeostasis?

Homeostatic regulation

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What is homeostatic regulation?

-Drives system back to where it should be
-Occurs by responding when conditions move from set point

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What are the three components of Homeostatic Regulation?

-Receptor: monitors
-Control Center: coordinates response
-Effector: directs factor back to set point

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What does the hypothalamus do?

Monitors body temp

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What happens when the body temp drops below normal?

Nervous system signals dermal vessels to constrict

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What happens when the body temp gets too high?

Nerve impulses are sent out which causes warm blood flow to lose excess heat causing temp to drop

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How does Homeostatic regulation primarily operate?

By negative feedback

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How to describe anatomical position?

Standing up right, feet pointing forward, limbs at sides of body, palms of hands facing forward

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Anterior (Ventral)

In front

Posterior (Dorsal)

Behind

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Medial

Closer to midline

Lateral

Farther from midline

Proximal

Closer to attachment point (ex. elbow is proximal to shoulder)

Distal

Farther from attachment point (ex. wrist is distal to shoulder)

Superficial

Closer to body surface

Deep

More internal

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane divides body left and right

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

Cuts through body separating superior and inferior portion

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Separates front and back of body

What are the two main body cavities?

Dorsal and Ventral

What are the two main parts of the dorsal cavity?

-Cranial: contains brain and skull bones -Vertebral: spinal cord

What do the brain and spinal cord form?

Central Nervous System -enclosed in dorsal cavity

What does the ventral body cavity include?

Thoracic Cavity: heart, lungs Abdominopelvic -separated by diaphragm

What is the diaphragm?

Flat, muscular structure that sits below lungs

What is in the abdominopelvic cavity?

-Abdominal Cavity: liver, small intestine, spleen, stomach, gallbladder, large intestine -Pelvic Cavity: urinary bladder, internal repro. organs

Visceral

Serous membrane attached to surface of organ

Parietal

Lining part of body cavity

Pleural Membrane

Associated with lungs

Pericardial Membrane

Associated with heart

Peritoneal Membrane

Associated with abdominopelvic cavity

What is the mediastinum?

Walls of tissues and organs between the two lungs

What are the organs in the Integumentary System?

Cutaneous membrane (epidermis and dermis), hair follicles, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, hypodermis

What is the function of the Integumentary System?

Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temp

What are the organs in the skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, joints, bone marrow

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells

What are the organs in the muscular system?

Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular), tendons

What is the function of the muscular system?

Produce movement; provide support; generate heat

What are the organs in the Nervous System?

Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, special senses), Peripheral nervous system

What is the function of the Nervous System?

Transmits signals from brain to the rest of the body

What are the organs in the Endocrine System?

Pineal Gland, Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, ovaries, testes

What is the function of the Endocrine System?

Direct long term changes in other organ systems

What are the organs in the Cardiovascular System?

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), blood

What is the function of the Cardiovascular System?

Transports cells and dissolved materials, including waste, gas, nutrients

What are the organs in the Lymphatic System?

Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

What is the function of the Lymphatic System?

Defend against infection and disease; return tissue fluid to bloodstream

What are the organs in the Respiratory System?

Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs

What are the organs in the Digestive System?

Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine

What is the function of the Digestive System?

Processes food and absorbs nutrients

What are the organs in the Urinary System?

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, urethra

What is the function of the Urinary System?

Eliminates excess water, salts, wastes

What are the organs in the female Reproductive System?

Ovaries, Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

Produces sex cells and hormones; supports from fertilization to birth

What are the organs in the male reproductive system?

Testes, epididymis, prostate glands, urethra

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

Produce sex cells and hormones

What does positive feedback do?

Causes greater deviation from normal

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space

What are atoms?

Smallest stable subunits of matter

What are subatomic particles?

Components of atoms and differ according to mass, charge, location

Atomic Number?

Number of protons in an atom

What are elements?

Substances that consist of only atoms with the same atomic number

What is a chemical symbol?

Abbreviation that represents a particular element

What is the mass number?

Protons + neutrons

How many electrons does each energy level/electron shell hold?

1st: 2 electrons 2nd: 8 electrons 3rd: 8 electrons

What is the outermost shell called?

Valence Shell

What are ions?

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons to have a stable valence shell

What are cations?

lost electrons ---- positive charge

What are anions?

gained electrons ---- negative charge

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers

What are compounds?

Molecules together that contain more than one type of element

What are ionic bonds?

Attraction between cations and anions

What are covalent bonds?

Based on sharing of electron pairs between atoms

What are hydrogen bonds?

Attraction between positive and negative charge -think magnets

What are substances called that ionize when dissolved in water?

Electrolytes

What are acids?

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions

What do microfilaments do?

Support cell movement

What do microtubules do?

Strengthen and support organelle movement