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Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture > Lecture Week 5 > Flashcards

Lecture Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Histology?

A

Study of the structure and function of tissues

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2
Q

What are the tissue types?

A

Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, Neural

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3
Q

What does Epithelial Tissue do?

A

-Covers exposed surfaces
-Lines internal passageways and chambers
-Forms secretory glands

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4
Q

What does Connective Tissue do?

A

-Contracts to produce movement

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5
Q

What does Neural/Nervous Tissue do?

A

-Conducts electrical impulses
-Carries information

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6
Q

What are characteristics of Epithelium?

A

-Covers organs and body, lines body cavities and hollow organs
-Has free surface and basement membrane
-Connective tissues lie below basement membrane
-Non-vascular (no blood vessels running through)
-Little intercellular material
-Rapid healing, frequent cell replacement

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7
Q

What are the functions of Epithelium?

A

Absorption, secretion, excretion, diffusion, protection, distension (stretching)

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8
Q

How is Epithelium Classified?

A

By the stratification (layering) and cell shape

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9
Q

What are the 4 layers called of Epithelium?

A

-Simple: 1 cell layer thick
-Stratified: 2 or more cell layers thick
-Pseudostratified: falsely layered, looks like more than one layer but is only one layer
-Transitional: layers depend on tension (stretching)

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10
Q

What does squamous mean?

A

Flat

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11
Q

What does cuboidal mean?

A

Tall as it is wide

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12
Q

What does columnar mean?

A

Taller than wide

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13
Q

What does basement membrane lie between?

A

Epithelial and connective tissue

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14
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Promote absorption

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15
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

-Lines alveoli, forms capillary walls, lines blood and lymph vessels, covers body cavity membranes
-Functions: diffusion, filtration, decrease friction

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16
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

-Surface of skin, linings of oral cavity, vagina, anal canal, and part of the pharynx
-Functions: Protection
-Features: may be nonkeratinizing or keratinizing

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17
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

-Covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules and ducts of many glands
-Functions: Absorption, secretion, excretion

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18
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

-Linings of larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
-Functions: protection, secretion

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19
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

-Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra
-Functions: protection, distension

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20
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

-Lines uterus, stomach, intestines, uterine tubes
-Functions: secretion, absorption, protection, production of movement
-Features: may have cilia for movement or microvilli for absorption, mucus secreting goblet cells

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21
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

-Lining ductus deferens, part of male urethra, part of pharynx
-Functions: protection, secretion

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22
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

-Lines respiratory passageways
-Functions: protection, secretion, production of movement
-Features: may be ciliated with mucus secreting goblet cells

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23
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

-Exocrine and Endocrine

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24
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Secrete onto a surface

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25
What do endocrine glands do?
Secrete directly into blood or tissue fluid
26
What are the characteristics of typical connective tissue?
-Abundant intercellular material called matrix, matrix contains ground substance and fibers, generally vascular
27
What do fibroblasts produce?
Fibers
28
What do macrophages in?
Phagocytosis
29
What are adipocytes in?
Adipose
30
What are chondrocytes in?
Cartilage
31
What are osteocytes in?
Bone
32
How to describe collagenous fibers?
Produce collagen protein, thick, strong
33
How to describe elastic fibers?
Produce elastin protein, flexible, recoil
34
How to describe reticular fibers?
Collagen protein, thin, branch
35
What are the ground substances?
Gel-like, reduced, firm-solid, hard-solid, fluid
36
What is the matrix made up of?
Fibers and ground substance
37
Areolar Tissue
-Below skin and below the basement membrane of most epithelia -Function: binds structure together
38
Adipose
-Beneath skin, between muscles, around kidneys and heart, behind eyes, in abdominal membranes -Function: adipocytes accumulate triglycerides for energy storage, insulation, and protection
39
Reticular Connective
-Liver, spleen, lymph nodes -Function: Structural support
40
Dense Connective
-Regular (tendons, ligaments), Irregular (dermis of skin) -Function: provides strength, -Features: slow to heal bc mainly nonvascular
41
Elastic Connective
-Walls of larger arteries, heart chambers, larger airways, between vertebrae -Function: Provides strength with elasticity
42
Blood
-Cardiovascular system -Function: transport, protection from infection, prevention of blood loss -Features: formed elements in plasma
43
Hyaline Cartilage
-Non-vascular, most abundant in body -Ends of bones, tracheal rings, bone models in fetus and child -Functions: support, bone development -Features: chondrocytes occupy lacunae, tissue is nonvascular
44
Elastic Cartilage
-External ears, part of larynx -Function: support with elasticity
45
Fibrocartilage
-Intervertebral disks, menisci of knee joints -Function: Support with increased strength and durability
46
Bone
-Skeleton -Function: Support, protection, attachment sites for muscles, mineral storage -Features: osteocytes occupy lacunae,
47
Tissue Comparisons (Location, Intercellular Material, Vascularization)
Epithelia: covers surfaces and line cavities (have free surface), almost no intercellular material, no vascularization Connective: fills spaces, abundant matrix, extensive vascularization
48
Tendons
Structures that anchor muscles to bones
49
Ligaments
Structures that hold bones together at a joint
50
Types of Membranes
Serous, mucous, synovial, cutaneous
51
Serous Membrane
Line and cover organs within the ventral cavity, serous fluid functions as lubricatioin, in simple squamous, areolar
52
Mucous Membrane
Line cavities that open to the outside of the body, mucus, various epithelia and areolar
53
Synovial Membrane
Line cavities of freely moveable joints, synovial fluid to cushion, areolar and adipose
54
Cutaneous Membrane
Covers the body outer surface, secrete sweat and sebum, in stratified squamous epithelium, areolar, irregular dense connective
55
What are the organs of the Integumentary System?
Cutaneous membrane (biggest organ overall is skin), hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails
56
Functions of Integumentary System
-Protect underlying tissues and organs -Excrete salts, wastes, water -Maintain body temp -Produce melanin - protects underlying tissue from ultraviolet radiation -Produce keratin - serves as water repellant -Store lipids -Detect touch, pressure, pain, etc. and relay to nervous system
57
Epidermis
Superficial layer of the skin
58
What kind of epithelium forms epidermis?
Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium
59
How thick is the epidermis?
0.08-0.5 mm thick
60
Stratum Basale
Single layer of cuboidal or columnar stem cells
61
Stratum Spinosum
8-10 layers of flatter cells, some of which are stem cells
62
Stratum Granulosum
Missing in thin areas
63
Stratum Lucidum
Only in palms and soles
64
Stratum Corneum
15-30 layers of flattened, dead, keratinizing cells
65
What are the cell types?
Keratinocytes - produce keratin protein Melanocytes - produce melanin protein Dendritic cells - protect against microorganisms and superficial cancers
66
Keratinization
Keratinocytes produce and accumulate keratin and die as they are pushed away from blood vessels and towards body surface
67
Where are epidermal ridges present to increase friction?
Hands and feet
68
How does a person get their color of skin?
Results from specific molecules that are present in the skin
69
How many pigments are responsible for skin color?
3
70
What are the three pigments?
Melanin, Hemoglobin, Carotene
71
Melanin
Brown, yellow-brown, black Produced by melanocytes in epidermis Production promoted by UV radiation, protects DNA molecules in deeper cells
72
Hemoglobin
Bright red - carrying oxygen gas Dark red - not carrying oxygen gas
73
Carotene
Orange-yellow From vegetables can accumulate in epidermis

Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture (21 decks)

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