Lecture Week 3 Flashcards by Maci Shupe

What are the functions of the plasma membrane of a cell?

Separates intracellular from extracellular environment
Controls movement between intracellular and extracellular environment
Responds to the environment
Provides structural support

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What are the components of the plasma membrane of a cell?

Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Membrane proteins

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What are the components of Cytoplasm?

Cytosol, cytoskeleton components, organelles

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What does the nuclear envelope lie between?

Nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

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What does the plasma membrane of a cell lie between?

Intracellular and extracellular environments

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What is glycerol + 2 fatty acids called?

Diglyceride

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Hydrophilic head does or does not interact with water?

Interacts with water

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Hydrophobic tails does or does not interact with water?

Does not interact with water

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When a phospholipid bilayer occurs, will the hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails arrange themselves?

Yes

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Where do the hydrophilic heads go in a phospholipid bilayer?

Outer surface

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Where do the hydrophobic tails go in a phospholipid bilayer?

Interior (protected from water)

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Will you find cholesterol molecules embedded in a phospholipid bilayer?

Yes

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What do cholesterol molecules embedded in phospholipid bilayer do?

Can strengthen and stiffen plasma membrane
Decreases effective temp on cells plasma membrane

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What is the order of a phospholipid bilayer when arranged? Top to bottom

Heads, tails, tails, head

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What is a transmembrane protein?

Goes from top to bottom of phospholipid bilayer

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What is a peripheral protein?

Only on top or bottom of phospholipid bilayer (does not extend top to bottom)

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What do microfilaments do in cell structure?

Strength, support, cell movement
-support microvilli for absorption
-form terminal web for plasma membrane support

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What do microtubules do in cell structure?

Strength, organelle movement
-centrioles within the centrosome distribute chromosomes during cell division
-cilia move materials over the surface of a cell (short, numerous)
-flagella allow sperm cells to swim (long, singular)

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How could you describe cilia and flagella?

Hair like cellular extensions

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What serves as a holding spot for microtubules?

Centrosome

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What are centrioles formed from?

Microtubules

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What is cilium formed by?

Microtubules

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What are ribosomes?

Sites for protein synthesis

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What are the two kinds of ribosomes?

Free and Fixed

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What is a free ribosome?

-Produce protein for the cytosol -Some ribosomes are single, some form chains called polyribosomes

What is a fixed ribosome?

-Produce proteins for secretion or storage -Attached to a structure

What are membranous organelles formed from?

Phospholipid bilayers

What are the two parts of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Rough and Smooth

What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Contains fixed ribosomes, main site for making proteins

What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reiculum?

Site assembling lipids

What are vesicles?

Membrane bubbles of phospholipid bilayers

What are the two kinds of vesicles?

Transport and Secretory

What is a transport vesicle?

Carry substance from one part of cell to another

What is a secretory vesicle?

Secrete substances from plasma membrane

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

Modifies, packages, and distributes the products of the ER to where they need to go -remember this as "shipping and handling"

What are the two kinds of storage vesicles?

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

What do Lysosome storage vesicles do?

Store enzymes for intracellular digestion

What do Peroxisome storage vesicles do?

Contain enzymes to degrade toxins

What does mitochondria do?

Sites for cellular respiration

What is cellular respiration?

Process that allows to extract energy from nutrients in food

What is the Golgi Apparatus formed from and how does it look?

-Formed from phospholipid bilayer -Appears flat and stacked

What is the nuclear envelope?

Double membrane that separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

What do nuclear pores do?

Allow particles to go between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm (and vice versa)

What makes up chromatin?

DNA and proteins

What are chromosomes?

Tightly packed chromatin fibers that form during cell division

What is the nucleolus?

A region where ribosomal subunits are being produced

What makes up nucleoplasm?

Thread like structures called chromatin

What are the two parts of a ribosome?

Small subunit and large subunit

What happens after the ribosome subunits are made in the nucleolus?

Will go through nuclear pore, large and small subunit link together in cytoplasm to form ribosome

Where are components of ribosomes made?

Nucleolus

What are passive processes in movement across the plasma membrane?

Do not require cell to spend energy to fuel process

What are the three passive processes?

Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion

What is Diffusion?

Movement of solute and solvent down their concentration gradients until a state of equilibrium is reached

What is simple diffusion?

When molecules are crossing phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane or moving through channel proteins

What are the factors that affect diffusion rate?

Solute molecular size, temperature, steepness of concentration gradient, electrical forces

What is Osmosis?

Diffusion of water across plasma membrane in response to differing solute concentrations

What is osmotic pressure?

Force exerted by water as it moves across the membrane

What is hypotonic?

osmotic pressure may cause cell to swell lysis (to break)

What is hypertonic?

leads to crenation (cell shrivels up)

What is isotonic?

Maintains normal cell shape

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Form of carrier-mediated transport that involves diffusion of solute across plasma membrane via carrier proteins

What do active processes require?

Energy to fuel process

What are the two types of active processes?

Active transport and Vesicular Transport

What are the two types of Vesicular Transport

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

What is active transport?

Movement of solute across the plasma membrane from region of low concentration to region of high concentration via carrier proteins

What is Endocytosis?

Movement of substance across plasma membrane via formation of vesicle (brings material into cell)

Receptor mediated endocytosis?

Moves specific solutes into cytoplasm

Pinocytosis?

Moves fluid (cell drinking)

Phagocytosis?

Moves solid (cell eating)

Exocytosis?

Movement of substance across plasma membrane via fusion of a vesicle with plasma membrane (takes material out of cell)

What is a solute?

Substance that can be dissolved by solvent

What is a solvent?

Substance that dissolves solute

What is a solution?

Mixture of solvent and solute substances

What is a concentration gradient?

Range of concentrations for solute and solvent from high to low over distance

What is a selectively permeable membrane?

Some substances can cross the membrane while some substances can't