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Global Biomes and Nutrient Cycles > Lectures 24, 25 and 26 - Pets, Farming and Animal Welfare Systems > Flashcards

Lectures 24, 25 and 26 - Pets, Farming and Animal Welfare Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what proportion of NZ households own at least one pet?

A

64%

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2
Q

what are the top four most common pets in NZ?

A

cats, dogs, fish, horses/ponies

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3
Q

what does the term anthropomorphism mean?

A

“the attribution of human characteristics or behaviour to an animal”

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4
Q

four common reasons for owning a pet?

A

physiological and psychological benefits (healthier), physical and mental health benefits, to improve activity levels, companionship

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5
Q

four common negative aspects of / barriers to pet ownership?

A

negatives -commitment, expensive, messy (could damage belongings), cause harm and disease etc
barriers - unsuitable home or lifestyle, property landlord does not allow animal, cost of pet ownership, allergies

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6
Q

true or false - is it mandatory to desex (neuter/spay) your cat in NZ?

A

true

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7
Q

true or false - must pet dogs be registered and microchipped in NZ?

A

true

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8
Q

true or false - are animals used in research, testing and teaching covered under NZ’s animal welfare act 1999?

A

eh, it’s a different section

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9
Q

why are sheep the most common animal used for research and teaching in NZ?

A

because of NZ’s agricultural focus

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10
Q

why are live birds not allowed to be imported into NZ?

A

because NZ is currently free of a number of major bird and poultry diseases, and has a unique population of rare and endangered birds.

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11
Q

NZ has more companion animals than almost anywhere in the world, apart from…..?

A

the USA

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12
Q

how many companion animals are in NZ

A

4.3 million

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13
Q

definition of a companion animal?

A

“a companion animal is any animal that shares a living environment and relationship with humans”

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14
Q

what is the total amount of money spent on products and services for companion animals (annually)?

A

$1.8 billion

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15
Q

the biggest part of total companion animal expenditure is food - how much?

A

$787.3 million

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16
Q

what is the most popular pet in NZ, and which is most regulated?

A

cats most popular, dogs most regulated

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17
Q

rules for dogs that cats don’t have?

A

cats don’t need to be licensed or registered

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18
Q

palmerston north cat rules? (different regions have different rules)

A
  • limit to three cats per household
  • mandatory to microchip the cat
  • desex cats older than 6 months (same as the rest of the country)
  • exception for cats born after 1 July 2018, they don’t need to be licensed or registered
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19
Q

estimated cost of owning a dog per year?

A

$1,686

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20
Q

what percentage of households have horses or ponies, and what are they considered?

A

1.6%, people think of them as a hobby or a member of the family

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21
Q

what type of pet has increased in popularity?

A

rabbits :)

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22
Q

what percentage of households have rabbits? (usually have roughly two, often kept in pairs rather than individually)

A

2.8%

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23
Q

where are rabbits, dogs and cats typically sourced?

A

rabbits and dogs from a breeder, cats from the spca

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24
Q

what percentage of pet ownership in NZ is cats?

A

41%

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25
Q

what percentage of pet ownership in NZ is dogs?

A

34%

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26
Q

what percentage of pet ownership in NZ is not cats or dogs (other)?

A

18%

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27
Q

when were ferrets kept as a pet in NZ until - same year a new law came out banning the sale distribution and breeding of ferrets? (a few still have a special permit to keep them to hunt rabbits)

A

2002

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28
Q

when were ferrets originally brought to NZ and why?

A

1879 - to get rid of rabbits

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29
Q

no imports of live birds to NZ is currently allowed - what does the new import health standard for companion birds being developed by MPI cover?

A

parrots from any country, and parrot hatching eggs and passerine hatching eggs from Europe and Australia

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30
Q

what animals (aside from hybrids and birds) cannot be imported into NZ?

A
  • ferrets
  • guinea pigs (except from Australia)
  • mice and rats (except lab animals)
  • snakes and other reptiles (no snakes, some reptiles allowed for zoos)
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31
Q

import restrictions - what breeds can’t you bring into NZ?

A
  • certain dog breeds (eg american pitbulls, fighting breeds)
  • hybrids: no offspring of cats or dogs crossed with another species (Bengal cat, coydog, wolfdog, dingo hybrids)
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32
Q

what types of animals are used for research, testing and teaching in NZ?

A
  • mostly sheep, cattle, and goats
  • rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs
  • fish (mostly zebra fish, idk what they did)
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33
Q

rules around animal use in research, testing and teaching (under the animal welfare act 1999) - what must any person or organisation using animals do?

A
  • follow an approved code of ethical conduct (policies and procedures that must be followed, etc)
  • all projects must be approved and monitored by an animal ethics committee
  • must submit annual statistics on number of animals used and impact of those animals
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34
Q

what does fibre, leather, meat and byproducts, diary products, eggs, bones and horns, transport/work, research and teaching, companionship, and entertainment, all have in common?

A

all types of animal use

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35
Q

definition of animal ethics?

A

term used to describe the branch of ethics that examines human-animal relationships, the moral consideration of animals and how nonhuman animals ought to be treated

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36
Q

definition of animal welfare?

A

refers to the welfare of animals, how animals experience life and whether this experience is good or not.

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37
Q

definition of animal rights?

A

refers primarily to the right of animals not to be used/exploited by humans

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38
Q

factors that influence the perspectives and decisions about what a good/acceptable life for animals is from an animal welfare point of view? complex/multifaceted issue

A

influenced by scientific, ethical, economic, cultural, social, religious, and especially political beliefs. also take into account that standards of animal welfare vary considerably between different cultural/religious contexts

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39
Q

what does concern over animal welfare tend to correlate positively with?

A

income levels - it’s high on the social agenda in developed countries

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40
Q

what are gains in animal welfare generally associated with (the trade off)?

A

increased animal welfare generally means higher costs of production, creates an economic trade off between animal welfare and profit objectives for the producer

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41
Q

what do you need a social licence for?

A
  • to use animals
  • to farm animals
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42
Q

what does a social licence mean?

A

A social licence to operate means that the society in which you operate has to be okay with what you are doing – it’s not a legal thing, but if society doesn’t like the way you are doing something they will stop buying the products, meaning they will stop buying the products and the business will not be able to operate (on no finances)

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43
Q

animal welfare standards in NZ are enforceable by law, and says we must alleviate “unnecessary” animal suffering.. but who is responsible for deciding what is unnecessary, and enforces it?

A

MPI - ministry for primary industries
RSPCEA

mainly enforced by inspectors from these two organ

44
Q

introduced species that are controlled in NZ

A

pest fish, plague skinks, rainbow lorikeet, kiamanawa horses, himalayan tahr, kawau island wallabies, then the usual possums, rats, stoats, ferrets, weasels, rabbits, feral cats, feral goats, deer, hedgehogs, mice, pigs

45
Q

two main welfare issue for companion animals?

A

nutrition and exercise - too many obese animals, and designer breeds and the health issues they bring with them.

46
Q

welfare issues for conservation?

A
  • cats vs wildlife (think catio spaces?)
  • control of introduced species (they’re technically still animals)
  • captive breeding programmes/zoos
47
Q

other acts - just be aware they exist <3

A
  • Wildlife Act 1953
  • Wild Animal Control Act 1977
  • Animal Identification Act 1993
  • Biosecurity Act 1993
  • Dog Control Act 1996
  • Veterinarians Act 2005
  • Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978
  • Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997
  • Bill of Rights 1990
48
Q

MPI develops animal welfare policy in NZ - three main areas?

A
  • the various acts and codes of welfare
  • national animal ethics advisory committee (NAEAC)
  • national animal welfare advisory committee (NAWAC)
49
Q

what were the two key points covered in the 2015 revision of the animal welfare act 1999?

A
  • recognition that animals are sentient (able to have positive and negative experiences that matter to them)
  • legal mandate to create regulations that are immediately enforceable such as fines
50
Q

why are some sentient animals exempt from protection under the act?

A

because they are classified as pests :(

51
Q

are animals used in research, testing and teaching covered under the Act, and who advises MPI about them?

A

they’re under a different section from other animals and treated differently.
- NAEAC (the ethics one) advises MPI on them, as opposed to NAWAC (the welfare one that all the other animals get)

52
Q

at what point are mammalian foetuses and avian or reptile pre-hatched young considered under the animal welfare act?

A

last half of gestation/development

53
Q

the animal welfare act sets out what obligations of people who own or are in charge of animals?

A
  • to meet an animal’s physical, health and behavioural needs
  • to alleviate pain and distress
54
Q

what does the act define physical, health, and behavioural needs as? (hint, there’s five)

A

1 - proper and sufficient food and water
2 - adequate shelter
3 - the opportunity to display normal patterns of behaviour
4 - appropriate physical handling
5 - protection from, and rapid diagnosis of, injury and disease

55
Q

where are the details for specific species and situations (appropriate managment of animals, appropriate behaviour of animal owners and handlers, minimum standards, identify and promote best practice, for slaughter etc) written?

A

written into the various codes of welfare

56
Q

what does animal welfare have an impact on in an agricultural context?

A

productivity, trade and reputation

57
Q

three main focus points for animal welfare for producers of the animal derived products?

A
  • production and procedures
  • transportation
  • methods of euthanasia/slaughter
58
Q

“Production animals must be
cared for by a sufficient number
of personnel, who, collectively,
possess the ability, knowledge
and competence necessary to
maintain the health and welfare
of the animals in accordance with
this Code” - this is the definiton of what?

A

stockmanship

59
Q

what percentage of NZ’s agricultural exports are livestock products?

A

40% livestock products

60
Q

is animal welfare a trade issue?

A

not yet

61
Q

what are used to kill animals in commercial and euthanasia situations while maintaining humane slaughter?

A

captive bolt guns

62
Q

Who is the primary regulatory body responsible for the development
of animal welfare policy in New Zealand?

A

MPI

63
Q

define biosecurity?

A

the protection of the environment from biological threats

64
Q

what are the different levels of biosecurity? (hint, four)

A
  • international (OIE - world organisation for animal health, infectious diseases of animals)
  • national (border control - airports, ports)
  • regional/islands/providences
  • farm (prevent entry, clothes/boots/disinfect)
65
Q

who is in charge of biosecurity in NZ? (two organisations)

A

MPI - biosecurity NZ
DOC - control of introduced species

66
Q

MPI - when were their two main biosecurity related acts written, and what are they called?

A
  • biosecurity act 1993 (the one that’s currently being revised)
  • resource management act 1991 (marine aquaculture/marine biosecurity related)
67
Q

“protecting the country. reducing risks. biosecurity NZ’s focus is on stopping pests and diseases at the border, and eradicating or managing the impact of those already here. with the help of New Zealanders, we ensure our UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTS and VALUE OF OUR PRIMARY INDUSTRIES are maintained”

A

MPI’s main focus points for biosecurity

68
Q

what does biosecurity involve?

A
  • keeping NZ free of unwanted organisms
  • controlling, managing or eradicating them should they arrive in the country
69
Q

types of pests and diseases - plants: their issue?

A
  • can overrun crops, native forests, waterways and marine environments
70
Q

types of pests and diseases - bugs and parasites: issue?

A

can attack people, animals or plants, and spread disease

71
Q

types of pests and diseases - larger animals: issue?

A

can feed on native species and spread disease. they can also severely damage and modify soils, landscapes and seascapes.

72
Q

types of pests and diseases - saltwater invaders: issue?

A

can interfere with wild species

73
Q

types of pests and diseases - pathogens: issue?

A

can make people, plants or animals sick, or can kill them

74
Q

how do biosecurity risks impact the economy/ weaken earning potential and introduce new costs?

A
  • reducing the health and productivity of commercial animals or plants
  • limiting NZ’s access to export markets
  • degrading wilderness areas so they’re less attractive to tourists
  • requiring costly control programmes
75
Q

biosecurity and the environment - how do biosecurity risks endanger native species and upset delicate ecosystems?

A
  • competing for food and water
  • feeding on native plants or animals
  • causing outbreaks of disease
  • clogging waterways or causing land erosion
76
Q

biosecurity and the way of life in NZ - how do biosecurity risks change New Zealander’s ‘way of life’?

A
  • stopping us from moving freely around the country (travel restrictions)
  • destroying wilderness areas
  • spoiling our waterways
  • reducing animal, plant and fishing stocks
  • pests can also attack humans or infest homes, while some diseases can transfer to people
77
Q

border clearance: aircrafts, boats, arrival, and clearance facilities - how many imports does MPI have to inspect in a year, and what percentage fail the biosecurity requirements?

A

MPI staff inspect 50,000 imports a year… and 20% fail biosecurity requirements.

78
Q

surveillance programmes run by MPI - why are they important? three reasons

A
  • assuring trade partners that NZ exports are safe
  • responding to outbreaks
  • understanding and controlling established pests and diseases
79
Q

how many targeted programmes are there focusing on specific pests, diseases and biosecurity risks?

A

13

80
Q

diagnostic testing usually takes place in one of our national labs. who else does MPI collaborate with?

A

overseas labs, and approved private labs in NZ

81
Q

how many diagnostic tests a year does the animal health laboratory in Wallaceville process a year?

A

37,000 diagnostic tests a year

82
Q

how many diseases and how many bugs to the plant health and animal laboratories in Auckland and Christchurch identify in a year?

A
  • 1000 diseases
  • 6000 bugs
83
Q

for spotting trends, what does MPI monitor?

A
  • vet laboratory submission data
  • reports form MPI’s pest-and-disease hotline
84
Q

“caulerpa exotic seaweeds found at great barrier and great mercury islands, field doddler, granulate ambrosia beetle, indian ring-necked parakeet, infectious bursal disease virus (IBVD), pea weevil, pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in auckland, pigeon rotavirus, potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) found near nelson, queensland fruit fly, salmon response, tomato red spider mite, western drywood termite” - which section these fall under?

A

pests and diseases under response (some of the major threats, pests, and diseases facing NZ and it’s primary sector)

85
Q

“protecting Kauri from disease, Myrtle rust in NZ, specific parasite control in oysters, fall armyworm, velvetleaf weed, wilding conifer, wild rabbit, pest wallabies, johnson grass, salvinia and water hyacinth” - which section do these fall under?

A

long term biosecurity management programmes (these are pests and diseases already in NZ, with plans to help stop the spread).

86
Q

“high pathogenicity avian influenza, african swine fever, transmissable spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), foot and mouth disease” - what section do all of these fall under?

A

animal diseases that are not in NZ, with plans in place for what will happen if they get here

87
Q

main biosecurity NZ risks?

A
  • plants (weeds)
  • insects (fruit fly, termites)
  • animals (snakes)
  • infectious diseases (foot and mouth disease /FMD, Rabies, Newcastle disease, TSes)
88
Q

what disease is caused by a virus that infects cloven hoofed animals (in NZ that covers cows, pigs, sheep, goats, deer, alpaca, llamas - and hedgehogs??) and is an acute, highly contagious infectious disease?

A

foot and mouth disease, otherwise known as FMD

89
Q

the February 2001 FMD outbreak in the UK - how many farms in how many countries had the virus spread to?

A

57 farms in 16 countries

90
Q

the February 2001 FMD outbreak in the UK - how much did the compensation for stock alone cost?

A

$6 billion

91
Q

which outbreak of FMD caused 5 million sheep, 428,000 pigs, 764,000 cattle and 7500 goats to need to be slaughtered?

A

the February 2001 outbreak in the UK

92
Q

the February 2001 outbreak of FMD in the UK - when was it eradicated?

A

October 2001

93
Q

FMD - Belton 2004, how much was it predicted to cost New Zealand if there was an outbreak?

A

$10 billion

94
Q

biosecurity NZ failures - plants?

A

velvet weed, horsetails, chilean nettle grass

95
Q

biosecurity NZ failures - insects?

A

fruit fly, varroa mite

96
Q

biosecurity NZ failures - animals?

A

possums

97
Q

biosecurity NZ failures - infections?

A

Theileria; Mycoplasma bovis; Kiwi fruit – PSA Pesudomonas;
Myrtle Rust

98
Q

what is one of the biggest threats to NZ horticulture, detected five times in the upper north island in the past decade?

A

fruit fly (QLD)

99
Q

the biosecurity response was trigged in auckland, feb 2019 due to the discovery of fruit fly - how much did the response cost, and when was NZ once again declared fruit fly free?

A
  • $18 million, finished feb 2020 (lasted a year)
100
Q

when was varroa mite (V. destructor), the number one cause of hive failure worldwide, established in NZ?

A

2000

101
Q

what percentage of bee colony losses does varroa account for, and what is that estimated to cost the NZ apiculture industry per year?

A

accounts for 19.5% of colony losses, costing $11.5 - $25.7 million per year (shittt)

102
Q

disease found in cattle globally, and first detected in NZ in 2017 in a south Canterbury diary herd?

A

Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis)

103
Q

true or false - mycoplasma bovis does not infect humans, and prevents no food safety risks?

A

true

104
Q

what disease causes serious effects on cattle including udder infection (mastitis), abortion, pneumonia, and arthritis?

A

mycoplasma bovis

105
Q

when was the M. bovis national plan for response and control introduced by MPI biosecurity NZ? we’re trying to eradicate it

A

2019

106
Q

traceability of livestock - what is NZ’s animal identification and tracing system for cattle and deer?

A

NAIT tags - keep everyone TB free :)

107
Q

what is on farm biosecurity measures largely about?

A

risk management (lots and lots of cleaning)

Global Biomes and Nutrient Cycles (4 decks)

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