Lesson 1 GI Pathophysiology

Question 1

what are the clinical cues for problems in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus?

Answer 1

reluctance to eat/chew properly
unusual breath odors
ptyalism (excessive salivation)
regurgitation with esophageal disease

Question 2

what is palatoschisis?

Answer 2

cleft palate

Question 3

what is prognathia?

Answer 3

law is too long

Question 4

why are overgrown teeth a problem?

Answer 4

impairs eating
wounds
impactions downstream

Question 5

what can cause enamel hypoplasia?

Answer 5

canine distemper virus
intrauterine bovine viral diarrheal virus and fluorosis
tetracycline

Question 6

what is porphyria?

Answer 6

pink teeth: caused by rare defects in heme synthesis

Question 7

what is a papule/plaque?

Answer 7

firm, raised bump due to proliferation of keratinocytes

Question 8

what is a vesicle/bulla due to?

Answer 8

swelling of keratinocytes/rupture

Question 9

what is an erosion/ulcer?

Answer 9

depressed, loss of keratinocytes
partial or total loss of epithelium (ulcer: total)

Question 10

what viruses can cause papules?

Answer 10

pox and papillomaviruses

Question 11

how does a vesicle occur?

Answer 11

disrupt intracellular junctions
lyse epithelial cells

Question 12

what is a vesicle?

Answer 12

split in layers of epithelium
filled with serum, debris, inflammatory cells
if large: bulla

Question 13

what are the mechanisms for an erosion/ulcer?

Answer 13

epithelial injury: trauma, chemical, thermal
ischemia: vascular injury
mixed mechanisms

Question 14

is bovine papular stomatitis zoonotic?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

what does bovine papular stomatitis cause histologically?

Answer 15

ballooning degeneration
intracytoplasmic inclusions

Question 16

what bovine viral diseases cause erosions/ulcers?

Answer 16

bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease
malignant catarrhal fever
rinderpest: foreign animal disease

Question 17

when can mucosal disease from bovine viral diarrhea happen?

Answer 17

viral mutation of persistently infected cattle
superinfected with cytopathic strain

Question 18

how can bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease cause immune suppression?

Answer 18

lymphoid depletion

Question 19

who is susceptible to foot and mouth disease?

Answer 19

all cloven-hooved animals

Question 20

how is the mortality of malignant catarrhal fever?

Answer 20

frequently fatal disease

Question 21

how is the morbidity and mortality of foot and mouth disease?

Answer 21

very high morbidity
low mortality

Question 22

who can get vesicular stomatitis?

Answer 22

cattle
small ruminants
swine
horses

Question 23

what disease looks very similar to foot and mouth disease?

Answer 23

vesicular stomatitis/rhabdovirus

Question 24

who is affected by contagious ecthyma (parapoxvirus) (orf, scabby mouth, etc)?

Answer 24

sheep and goats

Question 25

what causes the edema, effusions, hemorrhages, and necrosis in bluetongue/orbivirus?

Answer 25

vascular injury from virus infecting endothelium

Question 26

which vesicular diseases only affect swine?

Answer 26

swine vesicular disease vesicular exanthema of swine seneca valley virus

Question 27

what lesions does feline calicivirus cause?

Answer 27

ulcers: oral/lingual

Question 28

what is the agent of wooden tongue?

Answer 28

Actinobacillus lignieresii

Question 29

what is the agent of lumpy jaw?

Answer 29

Actinomyces bovis

Question 30

what are the histologic lesions in lumpy jaw?

Answer 30

pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis and lymphadenitis

Question 31

in whom is thrush/candidiasis most common?

Answer 31

birds foals pigs

Question 32

what can be seen histologically with thrush/candidiasis?

Answer 32

hyperkeeratosis yeast/pseudohyphae or grey/green pseudomembrane

Question 33

what are the two potential pathogenic mechanisms for uremic ulcers?

Answer 33

uremic toxins: endothelial injury (thrombosis/ischemia) and necrosis increased blood and salivary urea: urease producing bacteria convert to ammonia: direct toxic epithelial injury

Question 34

who primarily gets eosinophilic granuloma complex?

Answer 34

cats rarely dogs

Question 35

what is the likely cause of lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis in cats?

Answer 35

immune-mediated

Question 36

what is gingival hyperplasia/focal fibrous hyperplasia/hyperplastic gingivitis?

Answer 36

mostly boxers, fleshy masses around teeth

Question 37

what are some non-invasive or minimally invasive oral cavity neoplasias?

Answer 37

papillomas peripheral odontogenic form

Question 38

what is the most common malignant oral tumor in cats?

Answer 38

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 39

what is the most common malignant oral tumor in dogs?

Answer 39

oral melanoma

Question 40

do fibrosarcomas usually metastasize?

Answer 40

low risk of metastasis

Question 41

what are the sites of narrowing of the esophagus that can lead to choke/impaction?

Answer 41

thoracic inlet heart base diaphragm

Question 42

why is choke/impaction/foreign body a problem?

Answer 42

aspiration pneumonia pressure necrosis: rupture: pleuritis rumen tympany (cannot eructate)

Question 43

what are some signs of megaeesophagus?

Answer 43

regurgitation after ingestion of solid food aspiration pneumonia

Question 44

what is stomatitis referring to?

Answer 44

the mouth

Question 45

what is cheilitis referring to?

Answer 45

lips

Question 46

what is cheiloschisis?

Answer 46

cleft lip

Question 47

what are the plant causes of palatoschisis?

Answer 47

Veratrum californicum hemlock tobacco

Question 48

what is the mechanism of a vesicle?

Answer 48

disrupt intercellular junctions lyse epithelial cells

Question 49

is bovine papular stomatitis self-limiting?

Answer 49

yes

Question 50

what is the morbidity like of mucosal disease and malignant catarrhal fever in cattle?

Answer 50

low morbidity

Question 51

what does malignant catarrhal fever infection cause?

Answer 51

erosions/ulcers in gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts widespread vasculitis enlarged lymph nodes (lymphocyte proliferation) corneal edema (blue eye)

Question 52

what does vesicular stomatitis look like clinically?

Answer 52

foot and mouth disease but can infect horses

Question 53

what does canine oral papillomavirus cause?

Answer 53

papuless, cauliflower-like young dogs usually regress

Question 54

what is thrush/candidiasis associated with?

Answer 54

immunosuppression or antibiotic/steroid use

Question 55

what are the related entities to eosinophilic granuloma complex?

Answer 55

indolent ulcer eosinophilic granulomas eosinophilic plaque

Question 56

what are some non-invasive or minimally invasive oral masses?

Answer 56

papillomas peripheral odontogenic fibroma

Question 57

does oral melanoma metastasize?

Answer 57

yes: high risk

Question 58

does odontogenic neoplasias metastasize?

Answer 58

no

Question 59

what is the ranula?

Answer 59

saliva-filled, fluctuant structure under tongue

Question 60

what is the agent of parasitic esophagitis?

Answer 60

Spirocerca lupi

Question 61

what is a differential diagnosis for eosinophilic granulomas?

Answer 61

neoplasia

Question 62

what is the likely cause of lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis in cats?

Answer 62

immune-mediated

Question 63

what are the most common forms of odontogenic neoplasia in dogs?

Answer 63

peripheral odontogenic fibroma: fibromatous epulis acanthomatous ameloblastoma: acanthomatouss epulis

Question 64

what does peripheral odontogenic fibroma arise from?

Answer 64

periodontal ligament stroma

Question 65

what can granulomatous esophagitis progress to?

Answer 65

neoplasia: fibrosarcomas or osteosarcomas