Lesson 1: Introduction to the Philosophy

Question 1

basic meanings of philosophy:

Answer 1

1. ideas, views, principles, perspectives or beliefs
2. activity of reasoning
3. academic course/degree

Question 2

etymology of philosophy

Answer 2

Greek word: philosophia
- philo love
- sophia wisdom

Question 3

traits of a wise person:

Answer 3

1. knowing what one know and what one does not know
2. having justified true beliefs
3. knowing things that are valuable in life
4. having the ability to put knowledge into practice
5. knowing what should be done and act accordingly

Question 4

The Meaning of Philosophy:

Answer 4

a.) Science
b.) Natural Light of Reason
c.) Study of All Things
d.) First Cause or Highest Principle

Question 5

Meaning of Philosophy

It is called _ because of the invesitgation is systematic. It follows certain steps or it employs certain procedures.

Answer 5

Science

Question 6

Meaning of Philosophy

Philosophy investigates things where the philosopher uses his natural capacity to think

Answer 6

Natural Light of Reason

simply human reason alone or the so called unaided reason

Question 7

Meaning of Philosophy

This sets the distinction between philosophy from other scences as other sciences concer themselves with a particular object of investigation.

Answer 7

Study of All Things

Question 8

Meaning of Philosophy

A principle is that from which something proceeds in any manner whatsoever.

Answer 8

First Cause of Highest Principle

Question 9

Highest Priciple

whatever is is; and whatever is not is not; everything is its own being, and not being is not being.

Answer 9

principle of identity

Question 10

Highest Priciple

it is impossible for a thing to be and not be at the same time, and at the same aspect

Answer 10

principle of non-contradiction

Question 11

Highest Priciple

a thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not be; between being and not being, there is no middle ground possible

Answer 11

principle of excluded middle

Question 12

Highest Priciple

nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence

Answer 12

principle of sufficient reason

Question 13

general types of philosophy:

under this classification are the kinds of philosophy that are distinguished from one another according to the topic of issues being addressed.

Answer 13

thematic types

Question 14

general types of philosophy:

under this classification are the kinds of philosophy that are distinguished from one another according to the solution that is being processed for a certain issue.

Answer 14

positional types

Question 15

under this classification are the kinds of philosophy that are distinguished from one another according to the method used to resolve a certain issue.

Answer 15

methodological types

Question 16

under thematic types are what are called branches of philosophy and what we call

Answer 16

disciplinal philosophies

Question 17

The distinction between correct and incorrect form of reasoning

Answer 17

Logic

Question 18

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Logic

Answer 18

Reasoning

Question 19

The kinds, sources, and conditions of knowledge

Answer 19

Epistemology

Question 21

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Epistomology

Answer 21

Knowledge

Question 22

Whether reality consists of physical objects only, of nonphysical objects only, or of physical and nonphysical objects.

Answer 22

metaphysics

Question 23

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Metaphysics

Answer 23

Reality, existence

Question 24

The appropriate moral principles, meaning of moral judgements

Answer 24

Ethics

Question 25

# Topic of Philosophical Investigation Ethics

Answer 25

Morality

Question 26

criteria for judgement about beauty

Answer 26

Aesthetics

Question 27

# Topic of Philosophical Investigation Aesthetics

Answer 27

Beauty

Question 28

legitimizing the state, limits of the state's political power, social and distributive justice

Answer 28

Social and Political Philosophy

Question 29

# Topic of Philosophical Investigation Social and Political Philosophy

Answer 29

The State

Question 30

Difference between scientific and nonscientific statements

Answer 30

Philosophy of Science

Question 31

# Topic of Philosophical Investigation Philosophy of Science

Answer 31

Science

Question 32

Meaning of religious statements, existence of God, problem of evil

Answer 32

Philosophy of Religion

Question 33

# Topic of Philosophical Investigation Philosophy of Religion

Answer 33

Religious beliefs

Question 34

Meaning of proper names, definite descriptions, and psychological statements

Answer 34

Philosophy of Language

Question 35

# Topic of Philosophical Investigation Philosophy of Mind

Answer 35

Mind

Question 36

are classified according to the disciplines or areas of learning whose foundations are beng examined

Answer 36

disciplinal philosophies

Question 37

correspond to what are called **philosophical schools of thoughts** or **philosophical views**

Answer 37

positional types

Question 38

# Philosophical Views materialism, idealism, dualism, monism, pluralism

Answer 38

metaphysics

Question 39

# Philosophical Views rationalism, empricism, critical philosophy, pragmatism

Answer 39

epistemology

Question 40

# Philosophical Views consequentialism, deontology, virtue ethics

Answer 40

ethics (normative)

Question 41

# Philosophical Views socialism, liberalism, capitalism, social contractarianism

Answer 41

social and politcal philosophy

Question 42

# Philosophical Views intentional logic, extensional logic, aristotelian logic, mathematical logic

Answer 42

logic

Question 43

# Philosophical Views atheism, theism (monotheism, polytheism, panetheism, panantheism), religious pluralism

Answer 43

philosophy or religion

Question 44

# Philosophical Views platonic aesthetics, humean aesthetics, kantian aesthetics, postmodern aesthetics, feminist aesthetics

Answer 44

aesthetics

Question 45

# Philosophical Views ideal-language philosophy, ordinary language philosophy, refrential theory of meaning, use theory of meaning, speech act theory

Answer 45

philosophy of language

Question 46

# Philosophical Views dualism, materialism, epiphenominalism, physicalism, functionalism, computationalism, biological naturalism

Answer 46

philosophy of mind

Question 47

# Philosophical Views realism, instrumentalism, falsificationism, constructivism, inductivism, reductionism, coherentism

Answer 47

philosophy of science

Question 48

philosophies are also classsified according to the kind of philosophical method that they use and correspond to what are sometimes called

Answer 48

philosophical movements, approaches and traditions

Question 49

# methodological types uses the methods of **linguistic analysis,** **logical analysis,** and **conceptual analysis**

Answer 49

analytic philosophy

Question 50

# methodological types uses the methods of **braceting of presuppositions** or suspension of judgements and direct experiential analysis

Answer 50

phenomology

Question 51

# methodological types uses different forms of **textual analysis** as methods of interpretation

Answer 51

hermeneutics

Question 52

# methodological types uses the methods of **historical and dialectical materialism**

Answer 52

marxism

Question 53

# methodological types uses the method of **existential anaysis** or analysis that relates to the question of life'a meaning

Answer 53

existentialism

Question 54

# methodological types uses the method of **gender analysis** or analysis that considers the issue of gender inequality

Answer 54

feminism

Question 55

# methodological types uses the methods of **deconstruction and power analysis**

Answer 55

postmodernism

Question 56

two major kinds of regional types of philosophy:

Answer 56

Western and Eastern philosophies

Question 57

philosophical activities happening in particular countries or nations

Answer 57

national philosophies

Question 58

# regional type consisted of schools of thought closely tied to religion

Answer 58

eastern philosophy

Question 59

# regional type developed a more scientific and theory-based approach in their studies

Answer 59

western philosophy

Question 60

# historical types includes philosophies of the Ancient Greek philosophers and the Roman philosophers

Answer 60

ancient philosophy

Question 61

# historical types - comes **after the ancient period** and roughly runs until the late 15th century and Renaissance. - closely related to **Christian thought**

Answer 61

medieval philosophy ## Footnote chief philosophers of the period were churchmen

Question 62

# historical types includes the philosophies of the Rationalists, Empiricists, as well as Idealists

Answer 62

modern philosophy

Question 63

# historical types covers the philosophical developments of the 20th sectury up to the present day

Answer 63

contemporary philosophy ## Footnote includes philosophies of postmodern thinkers

Question 64

studies or investigates the **unreal entities** in terms of the real world that we experience through or senses

Answer 64

Metaphysics

Question 65

the well-known philosopher who enlightened the field of metaphysics by contrasting reality and appearance

Answer 65

Plato

Question 66

is how we percieve the world

Answer 66

Reality

Question 67

studies questions related to what it is for something to exist and what types of existence there are

Answer 67

Metaphysics ## Footnote topic include existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, possibility

Question 68

deals with the evalution of human actions and the nature of moral virtue

Answer 68

Ethics ## Footnote idea of right vs wrong and evil vs good

Question 69

Socrates pointed out that knowlege is not merely theoretical nor speculative but also _______

Answer 69

**practical** ## Footnote knowledge on rules of right living is not sufficient when it is not actually bein practiced.

Question 70

# major area of study within ethics: concerning the theoreticl meaning and reference of moral propositions, and how their values can be determined

Answer 70

meta-ethics

Question 71

# major area of study within ethics: concerning the practical means of determining a moral course of action

Answer 71

normative ethics

Question 72

# major area of study within ethics: concerning what a person is obligated to do in a specific situation or a particular domain of action

Answer 72

applied ethics

Question 73

concerns itself with the nature, sources, limitations and validity of knowledge

Answer 73

Epistemology

Question 74

# epistemology: questions the possibility of knowledge and related problems such as whether skepticism poses a threat to our ordinary knowledge claims

Answer 74

philosophical skepticism

Question 75

according to epistemology, knowledge can be acquired through

Answer 75

**induction** (empiricism) and **deduction**

Question 76

# epistemology: is a process of knowledge forming by investigating particular order **to arrive at a general idea**

Answer 76

induction

Question 77

# epistemology: is a process employs generally accepted ideas in order **to arrive at specific ideas**

Answer 77

deduction

Question 78

advocates of deductive method

Answer 78

rationalists | e.g. Rene Descartes

Question 79

famous pragmatists

Answer 79

William James and John Dewey

Question 80

# epistemology: the value in use is the real test of truth and meaning

Answer 80

pragmatism

Question 81

- is the study of correct reasoning - does not provise us knowledge of the world directly - serves as a tool to guide one's argument

Answer 81

Logic

Question 82

# logic: is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning

Answer 82

fallacy

Question 83

# logic: this term in a sense is self-contradictory because logic refers to valid reasoning, whereas a fallacy is the use of poor reasoning

Answer 83

logical fallacy | used to mean an argument which is problematic for any reason

Question 84

# logic: denotes a general formal fallacy, often meaning one which does not belong to any named subclass formal fallacies

Answer 84

*non sequitur*

Question 85

# Argument Terminology - collection of statements (premises) intended to support or infer a claim - truth value of either true or false

Answer 85

Argument

Question 86

# Argument Terminology Conclusion necessarily follows from premises

Answer 86

Deductive

Question 87

# Argument Terminology Conclusion follows from premises with some probability

Answer 87

Inductive

Question 88

# Argument Terminology Deductive <

Answer 88

**Valid** - sound or unsound **Invalid** - unsound

Question 89

# Argument Terminology Inductive <

Answer 89

**Strong** - cogent or uncogent **Weak** - uncogent

Question 90

can be used to explain matters regarding culture and arts

Answer 90

Aesthetics

Question 91

consider the importance of aesthetics:

Answer 91

1. It vitalizes our knowledge 2. It helps us to live more deeply and richly 3. It brings us touch with our culture

Question 92

argues that our tastes and judgements regarding beauty, work in connection with one;s own personal experience and culture

Answer 92

Hans-Georg Gadamer