Lesson 6: Philosophy and Spirituality Flashcards by Althenee Aglanao

is a central concept in discussing the nature of human soul. It refers primarily to how the body, its senses, and perception define human function and consciousness.

Embodiment

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that man is able to perceive and experience reality through his physical body.

embodied cognition

the notion of the self arises through the interaction between the individual and his or her environment

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These doctrines holds that the spirit is created by God, and that it is embodied in the human being

Christian doctrines

Upon the body’s demise, the spirit continues to persist into the afterlife

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Christian doctrine

an essential element for salvation of mankind, as it will be raised from the dead and shall receive the judgement of God

Spirit

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An Embodied Spirit

focuses on the kind of substances and capacities that uniquely make up a human person

Metaphysical approach

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An Embodied Spirit

focuses on the kind of life, or mode of existence, that is unique to a human person

Existential approach

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he describes the metaphysical approach as dealing with the what of a human person,
while the existential approach as dealing with the who of a human person

Martin Heidegger

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Components of the Human Person

Human person is essentially just his/her body and nothing more

unspirited body view

belief that humans do not have a spiritual component

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Components of the Human Person

Human person is essentially just his/her spirit

disembodied spirit view

belief that while the body is dependent on the spirit, the spirit is not dependent on the body

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Components of the Human Person

human person is essentially the unity of his/her body and spirit

embodied spirit view

the body and spirit cannot exist independently of one another

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believed that the human spirit or soul is composed of three parts

Plato

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According to Plato, the human spirit or soul is composed of three parts:

logos (the mind or reason)
thymos (spirit)
epithymia (appetite)

Every individual exists an internal conflict, explained by conflicting parts of the soul

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Plato’s three parts of the soul:

is responsible for having our rational goals

located in the head

logos

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Plato’s three parts of the soul:

is the will or the drive toward an action

located in the chest

thymos

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Plato’s three parts of the soul:

refers to the thing that the body desires

located in the abdomen

epithymia

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rejected Plato’s explanation and believed that the soul is not independent of the body but is integrated into the human being. He explained that the individual is composed of form and matter.

Aristotle

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According to Aristotle

refers to the components that make up an object

Matter

various elements and components from nature come together to form the physical structure of the body

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According to Aristotle

refers to the structure and arrangement of matter that actually gives rise to the object it itself.

Form

the soul combines with the body to gve rise to the individual person

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considers the question of how the mental or non-physical are abe to interact with the physical body and to what extent one influences the other

mind-body problem

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belief that the physical process determined the state of the mind

physicalism

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view that holds that mental processes and thought are only the only reality

idealism

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a view that argues human being is composed of elements that are neither physical nor mental

monism

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believes the distinctiveness of physical and mental nature of man

dualism

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argued that self-awareness and consciousness exists even if the body is deprived of its senses. For him, the soul is immaterial, indestructible, and independent of the body.

Avicenna

He deduced that even without sensory data, one is able to intellectually recude the idea that an individual has an existing soul

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who proposed that the **mind and body exist as two separate entities** that interact with one another

Rene Descartes

Descartes used ____________ , doubting everything that he knows to remove false knowledge and opinion.

methodic or systematic doubt

Descartes later on reached his monumental conclusion, " ______________________________" to affirm his existence.

***“I think, therefore I am,”*** ## Footnote For Descartes, what is certain is his doubt or thought and that doubt should originate from somewhere, particularly the individual who had formulated that doubt or thought in his or her mind.

The latin of "I think, therefore I am."

*****COGITO ERGO SUM!***** ## Footnote Descartes says your brain is powerful, therefore we can say that there are endless possibilities for us as we exist!

A strong statement created by Descartes tells us that our existence on how we think | man is not man if he does not think!

Cogito ## Footnote If man doesn't think, he ceases to exists -- we may compare him to a cadaver (Aristotle reference)

# I think, therefore I am Therefore

Ergo

# I think, therefore I am I am

Sum ## Footnote I am a human person, I exist, and I can change the world. Therefore, let us feed our minds through reading books

they also foundered on the nature of men but placed more emphasis on the spirit or soul as the essential component of human existence

Religious philosophers

# religious philosopher believed the soul is the first actuality of the body; for there to be a body, there should first be a soul

St. Thomas Aquinas

has substance but has no physical or concrete form and is able to exist even without the body

Soul

# religious philosophers considers the soul as the driving force that governs the body and defines the human person

St. Augustine

states that ***"The spirit gives form to the body, and that the human person is a spiritual being with a material body"***

According to **Reverent Chaucey GIles**, in his work ***"The Nature of Spirit and of Man as Spiritual Being"***

# The Nature of Spirit and of Man as Spiritual Being Man's ________ nature enables him/her to relate and **interact with the physical world**

physical

# The Nature of Spirit and of Man as Spiritual Being Where does man's physical nature come from?

comes from the breath of God | enables hi/her to relate with God

# Biblical account is used to describe the physical-spritual man and the wholeness of the spirit and the body

soul | soul is never equated with the spirit

# Biblical account this act into man is essential as it **gives man a spirit which defines him/her as a soul** - that is a living being, a person

act of breathing life

# Biblical account refers to the wholeness of the person

soul ## Footnote *"Love the Lord your God, with all your heart and with all your soul.."*

# Biblical account used to refer to the **spiritual nature of man**

spirit ## Footnote *"Father, into your hands I commend my spirit."*

# Biblical account holds that man is composed of three essential parts: *body, soul, and spirit.* - The soul is defined as the component which **gives man life** and will - spirit enables man to establish a **connection with god**.

trichotomic view

# Biblical account view where there is **no distiction between the spirit and soul** and views men as being composed of body and spirit

dichotomic view

# Biblical account views man is of a **single or unitary constitution** and that the *body and spirit are inseparable and integrated.*

psychosomatic view

# Biblical account - God breath the breathe of life - God-conscious - Man commmunicates with God, served Him and understand the relationship with God

Spirit | God dwells in the spirit

# Biblical account - Consummation of body and spirit - Self-conscious - Intellect

Soul | Self dwells in the soul

# Biblical account - Ground/dust - World-conscious - 5 organs/senses; communicates to the physical world

Body | sense dwells in the body

Catholic doctrine holds that the human person is the union of the _______

body and soul | the soul enables man to know and love God

study of God and other religious concepts

Theology ## Footnote discusses the nature of God and use philosophical tools to define and understand the concept of divinity and religion

is acknowledged as a supreme being that **governs all existence**, is the center of faith and devotion of a religion

God

is the belief in the existence of a God or several deities

Theism

belief in a single God

Monotheism

The characteristics of God:

1. Omniscience 2. Omnipotence 3. Omnipresence 3. Benevolence 4. Divine Simplicity 5. Eternal

# characteristic God is all-knowing

Omniscience

# characteristic God is all-powerful

Omnipotence

# characteristic God is ever-present

Omnipresence

# characteristic God is perfectly good, just, and all-loving

Benevolence

# characteristic All attributes are integrated and embodied in Him. God is not just "good", He is goodness itself

Divine Simplicity

# Characteristic God is timeless and has no beginning and end

Eternal

analysis of sacred texts

revealed theology

employed reason to subtantiate the existence of God

natural theology

Contends that since man is able to conceive the notion of a Supreme Being, then it **holds reason that such Supreme Being exists.**

Ontological Argument

Focuses on the **purpose a God would play in the universe**

Teleological Argument ## Footnote argues that a **Supreme Being is necessary for the continued existence** of an orderly but complex universe

Takes into account the **nature of existence and the universe**, and recognizes the existence of God has an explanation of how things came to being in our reality

Cosmological Argument

He presented several arguements that point to God as the **"prime mover"**,**"the first cause of existence,"** and the **"source of being"** of reality and the universe

St. Thomas Aquinas

# cosmological argument For Gottfried Willhelm Leibniz, all facts must have an explanation. | a principle

"principle of sufficient reason"

From Islamic theology; *Everything that has a beginning has a cause. The universe has a beginning. Therefore, the universe has a cause.*

kalam cosmological argument

Holds that man's ethical nature is brought about the existence of God

Moral Judgement ## Footnote God is the representation of the greatest idea, "the greatest good", and it is from him that all standards of goodness are based.

the view of moral judgement was introduced by the Scottish philosopher?

William Sorley

This argument consider **God, a necessary being for the universe and all existence to make sense**

Moral judgement ## Footnote Life itself would hold little significance without God

is the view which considers metaphysical concepts such as God to be inherently **unknowable**

Agnoticism

rejection or **nonbelief** in the existence of God or any deity

Atheism

God is the recognized ____ of the universe

Creator | God is the recognized Creator of the universe

God plays a central role in ____ as it is through Him that saving faith is affected

redemptive salvation

God also takes an active role in human condition ( ________ ) through blessings, miracles

divine providence

God's presence in this universe may be seen as either

**immanenent** or **trancendent**

Regards God as manifesting Himself in the world as a **unique entity**

Immanence

Christian doctrine recognizes God’s immanence through whom?

Jesus Christ | who came into being as part of the plan of salvation

depicts **God as existing outside the material world**, and whose presence is beyond physical laws and human knowledge and understanding.

Transcendence

view that God is both beyond and within the universe.

panentheistic view

view that God is an all-encompassing presence in the universe and has no distinct presence as an entity.

pantheistic view

view where God was a distinct entity but lost this state when He transformed Himself into the universe.

Pandeistic view

proposed that human trascendence is based on rationality

Immanuel Kant ## Footnote Humans are able to comprehend certain actions concepts that hav no equivalent physical obects or sensory experience

considers the person's ability to **comprehend and relate to objects and being outside of his own self** as an indication of transcendence

Jean-Paul Sartre ## Footnote For him, transcendence lies the ability of persons to realte to people, things, and expeperiences in a meaningful manner

Lesson 6: Philosophy and Spirituality Flashcards

(85 cards)