LESSON 10: CULTURE METHODS

Question 1

A population of bacteria grown in the laboratory i

Answer 1

CULTURE

Question 2

contains only one single type

Answer 2

pure culture

Question 3

contains two or more
different bacteria

Answer 3

mix culture

Question 4

bacterial cultures must be periodically transferred, or
to new media to keep the bacterial population growing

Answer 4

subcultured

Question 5

means using practices and procedures to
prevent contamination from pathogens.
It involves applying the strictest rules to
minimize the risk of infection.

Answer 5

aseptic technique

Question 6

Indications for various culture methods:

Answer 6

Isolate bacteria in pure culture and identify the same by performing various tests.
2. Demonstrate biochemical, antigenic, and other phenotypic and genomic
properties of the isolated colonies.
3. Demonstrate susceptibility of the isolated bacteria to antibiotics, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, etc.
4. Prepare antigens for various uses.
5. Maintain stock culture.
6. Estimate viable counts.

Question 7

Culture method

Question 8

The most effective way to isolate a single type of
bacteria from a source that contains many by diluting the individual cells by
spreading them over the surface of an agar plate using a platinum or inoculating
loop of 2–4 mm diameter.

Answer 8

Streak plate methods

Question 9

On the plate single cells reproduce and create millions
of clones,
which all pile up on top of the original cell

Answer 9

Streak plate culture

Question 10

The piles of bacterial cells
observed after an incubation period are

Answer 10

colonies

Question 11

Also called as carpet culture, this method is used for
(a)
Antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method,
(b) Bacteriophage typing,
(c) For preparation of bacterial antigens and vaccines.

Answer 11

Lawn culture

Question 12

Procedure: Lawn cultures are prepared by flooding the surface of the plate
with a liquid culture or suspension of the bacterium, pipetting off the excess
inoculum and incubating the plate. Alternatively, the surface of the plate
maybe inoculated by applying a swab soaked in the bacterial culture or
suspension. After incubation, lawn culture provides a uniform growth of the
bacterium.

Answer 12

b) Antibiotic sensitivity testing

Question 13

Provides a pure growth of bacteria for carrying
out slide agglutination and other diagnostic tests.

Question 14

It is carried out in tubes usually
containing slanted nutrient agar slopes.

Question 15

This method is used for
a) mainly for demonstration of gelatin
liquefaction,
(b) demonstration of oxygen requirement of the bacterium under
study,
(c) for the maintenance of stock cultures,
(d) to study motility of bacteria in
semisolid agar

Answer 15

stab culture

Question 16

The preparation of the stab cultures, a suitable medium such as
nutrient gelatin or glucose agar is punctured with a long, straight, charged
wire into the center of the medium and withdrawing it in the same line to
avoid splitting the medium. The medium is allowed to set, with the tube in the
upright position, providing a flat surface at the top of the medium.

Question 17

The pour-plate culture is used to determine approximate
number of viable organisms in liquids, such as water or urine.

Answer 17

Pour plate culture

Question 18

Procedure: This method is carried out in tubes, each containing 15 mL of
molten agar. The molten agar in tubes is left to cool in a water bath at 45°C. The inoculum to be tested is diluted in serial dilution. Then 1 mL each of
diluted inoculum is added to each tube of molten agar and mixe

Question 19

Pour plate methods

Answer 19

1. Bacterial sample mixed with warm agar (45-50’C)
2. sample poured onto sterile plate
3. sample Swirled to mix, allowed solidify
4. plate incubated until bacterial colonies grow

Question 20

a deep culture of agar or gelatin through which the inoculum is
evenly distributed by shaking before the medium is solidified and
which is used
chiefly for the demonstration of anaerobic colonies

Answer 20

shake culture

Question 21

This method is used for
(a) blood culture and for sterility,
(b)
dilution in the medium, or
(c) large yields culture.

However, liquid cultures does
not provide a pure culture from mixed inocula—the major disadvantage, nor
identify a bacteria

Answer 21

Liquid culture

Question 22

For cultivation of aerobes the incubation is done in an incubator under normal
atmospheric condition.
Incubation of cultures at 37°C is standard practice in the
culture of bacteria pathogenic to man

Answer 22

Aerobic Culture

Question 23

Culture in an Atmosphere with Added Carbon
Dioxide Some organisms, such as Brucella abortus and capnophilic streptococci,require extra CO2 in the air in which they are grown and others, such as the
pneumococcus and gonococcus, grow better in air supplemented with 5 to 10
percent CO2

Question 26

Require incubation without oxygen and differ in their requirement and sensitivity to oxygen.

Answer 26

Anaerobic bacteria

Question 27

will not grow from small inocula unless oxygen is absent and the Eh of the medium is low

Answer 27

Obligate anaerobes

Question 28

METHODS OF ISOLATING PURE CULTURE

Question 29

a method routinely employed in clinical bacteriology and enables the isolation of distinct colonies which may be picked out, if necessary for further purification and study

Answer 29

Surface plating

Question 30

are widely used for the isolation of pathogens from specimens such as feces, with varied flora.

Answer 30

Enrichment, selective and indicator

Question 31

Selective media such as tellurite media for the diphtheria bacillus, have been devised so that, the majority of organisms likely to be associated with those for which the media are used will not grow, and the isolation of pure cultures is thus facilitated.

Answer 31

selective media

Question 32

a such as selenite broth for Salmonella sp, favor the multiplication of particular species as a step towards their isolation in pure culture.

Answer 32

enrichement media

Question 33

: Indicator media, such as Willis and Hobbs medium for Clostridium sp, contain ingredients that change in appearance with particular organisms and so assist their isolation

Answer 33

Indicator media

Question 34

can be used to separate spores from vegetative bacilli but does not guarantee that spores will germinate under subsequent cultural conditions.

Answer 34

Heating at 65°C for 30 minutes or at higher temperatures for shorter periods

Question 35

Pure cultures may be obtained by pretreatment of specimens with appropriate bactericidal substances which destroy the unwanted bacteria.

Question 36

This method is the standard practice for the isolation of tubercle bacilli from sputum and other clinical specimens, by treatment with alkali, acid or other substances to which most commensals are susceptible but tubercle bacilli are resistant.

Answer 36

Pretreatment of specimens with appropriate bactericidal s

Question 37

The temperature and atmosphere chosen for a culture automatically preclude the growth of many bacteria.

Answer 37

Separation of bacteria with different temperature optima

Question 38

Incubation at 37°C, used for most medically important bacteria, is too warm for some air contaminants, which subsequently appear as colonies when plates are kept at room temperature.

Answer 38

Separation of bacteria with different temperature optima

Question 39

Some pathogens are selectively favoured by growth at temperatures above 37ºC. Only thermophilic bacteria grow at 60ºC.

Question 40

Obligate aerobes and anaerobes may be separated by cultivation under aerobic or anaerobic condition.

Answer 40

Cultivation under aerobic or anaerobic condition

Question 41

Strict anaerobes will not grow in air and most facultative anaerobes grow less vigorously under anaerobic than under aerobic condition.

Answer 41

. Cultivation under aerobic or anaerobic condition

Question 42

This consists of a tube of semisolid agar, with a narrow tube open at both ends placed in the center of the medium in such a way that it projects above the level of the agar. Inoculation of the mixture is made into the central tube. On incubation, subculture is taken from the surface of the medium in the outer tube because the motile bacteria alone traverse the agar and appear at the top of the medium outside the central tube.

Answer 42

5. Separation of motile from non-motile bacteria can be effected using Cragie's tube

Question 43

also serves the same purpose, inoculation being performed in one limb and the subculture taken from the other. This method can also be used to obtain phase variants in Salmonella species.

Answer 43

U-tube

Question 44

Pathogenic bacteria may be isolated from mixtures by inoculation into appropriate animals due to the fact that laboratory animals are highly susceptible to certain organisms for example, the mouse to the pneumococcus

Answer 44

Animal inoculation:

Question 45

If a mixture of organisms containing the pneumococcus, e.g. in sputum, is inoculated subcutaneously into a mouse, the animal dies of pneumococcal septicemia in 12 to 48 hours and the organism can be obtained in pure culture from the heart blood.

Answer 45

Pneumococcus

Question 46

can be distinguished from other aerobic sporulating bacilli by inoculation into mice or guinea pIG

Answer 46

ANTHRAx BACILLI

Question 47

produce a fatal septicemia and may be cultured pure from the heart blood

Answer 47

Anthrax bacilli

Question 48

Can be isolated from contaminating organisms by inoculation of an infected specimen into a guinea pig. Is found in a pure state in the resulting lesion.

Answer 48

Tubercle bacillus

Question 50

Of differing sizes may be separated by the use of selective filters. Are widely used for separating g viruses from bacteria

Answer 50

filters