MICRO MANUAL CHAPTER 1 & 2

Question 1

what is biosafety in laboratorry?

Answer 1

Biosafety indicates about handling or reduce the risk in laboratory such biological agent and infectious.
Biosafety categorized as BSL 1 - 4, which each has a specific on how to control for contamination of microbes or agents during laboratory.

Question 2

organisms are well-characterized strains of microorganisms
not known to cause disease in healthy human adults. Precautions in BSL-1 labs include
general laboratory safety.

Answer 2

Biosafety Level 1

Question 3

organisms are moderate-risk microorganisms associated with
less serious human diseases whose potential for transmission is limited and a proven
treatment for the disease exists.

Answer 3

BSL 2

Question 4

organisms are high-risk microorganisms with a true potential
for infection by aerosols and in which the resulting disease may have serious or lethal
consequences.

Answer 4

BSL 3

Question 5

organisms are high-risk microorganisms with a true potential
for infection by aerosols and in which the resulting disease may have serious or lethal
consequences.

Question 6

organisms are easily transmitted, very-high risk
microorganisms which cause life-threatening diseases for which there is no vaccine or
therapy.

Question 7

How to conduct risk assessment?

Answer 7

1. Identification of the hazards and risks:
2. Risk evaluation:
3. Risk mitigation plan
4. Evaluation of effectiveness of control

Question 9

1 (no or low individual and community risk): A microorganism that is unlikely
to cause human or animal

Answer 9

RISK GROUP 1

Question 10

(moderate individual risk, low community risk):
A pathogen that can cause
human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the
community, livestock or the environment.
Laboratory exposures may cause serious
infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of
spread

Answer 10

RISK GROUP 2

Question 11

(high individual risk, low community risk): A pathogen that usually causes
serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected
individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available

Answer 11

RISK GROUP 3

Question 12

(high individual and community risk): A pathogen that usually causes
serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transmitted from one individual to
another, directly or indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually
available

Answer 12

GROUP 4

Question 13

difference between hazard and risk

Answer 13

hazard can potentially cause a harm while risk is the chance that hazard can cause a harm.

Question 14

Biosafety cabinet (BSC)

Answer 14

an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with
materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) pathogens requiring a
defined biosafety level.

Question 15

safety cabinet with front opening through which the operator can carry out
manipulations inside the cabinet and which is constructed so that the worker is protected
and the escape of airborne particulate contamination generated within the cabinet is
controlled by means of inward airflow through the working front opening and filtration of
the exhaust air.

Answer 15

class 1

Question 16

safety cabinet with front opening through which the operator can carry out
manipulations inside the cabinet and which is constructed so that the worker is protected, the risk of product and cross-contamination is low and the escape of airborne particulate
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contamination generated within the cabinet is controlled by means of an appropriate
filtered internal airflow and filtration of the exhaust air (laminar airflow)

Answer 16

class 2

Question 17

: Safety cabinet in which the working area is totally enclosed and the operator is
separated from the work by a physical barrier (I.e. gloves mechanically attached to the
cabinet). Filtered air is continuously supplied to the cabinet and the exhaust air is treated to
prevent release of micro-organisms.

Answer 17

class 3

Question 18

(to examine microorganisms which can’t
be seen by naked eyes)

Answer 18

microscope

Question 19

(to heat or boil solution in laboratory)

Answer 19

2. Bunsen burner (

Question 20

(to sterilize the equipment medias and other
solutions)

Answer 20

Autoclave

Question 21

(to sterilize the equipment medias
and other solutions)

Answer 21

Pressure cooker

Question 22

(to preserve the samples, media, reagents
and other specimen

Answer 22

Refrigerator

Question 23

(used for bacterial or r fungal

Answer 23

Incubator

Question 24

To rescue the exposure of the operator and the lab contamination)

Answer 24

Safety cabinet

Question 25

to measure and prepare media)

Answer 25

Flask

Question 26

r (to measure and transfer the solution)

Answer 26

Beaker

Question 27

to measure the weight of an specimen

Answer 27

Weighing scale

Question 27

(to transfer quantified volume of specimen or solution)

Answer 27

Pipettor

Question 28

(Used to heat medium gently (to around 45-55℃) during media preparation)

Answer 28

Water bath

Question 29

(for storage of media, regeants and other materials)

Answer 29

Cupboards

Question 30

 Site of blood sampling:  large mammals: via jugular vein or a caudal vein, or less commonly brachial veins and mammary veins  Pigs: vena cava veins  Birds: a wing vein (brachial vein) is

Question 31

CHAPTER 2

Question 32

refers to the removal of dirt and impurities, including germs, from surfaces. Cleaning alone does not kill germs

Answer 32

Cleaning

Question 32

works by using chemicals to destroy, inhibit growth, or removal microbes on surfaces. But killing germs remaining on a surface after cleaning further reduces any risk of spreading infection

Answer 32

Disinfecting

Question 33

means the complete destruction of all the micro-organisms including spores, from an object or environment.

Answer 33

Sterilization

Question 34

There are two types of sterilization commonly used in our laboratory. These are

Answer 34

dry heat sterilization and moist heat

Question 35

Moist heat sterilization is using the principle of steam under pressure through autoclave or pressure cooker. High temperature like in boiling (at 100℃) is also the simple method practiced usually against vegetative form of bacteria.

Question 36

is also used to keep the autoclaved media at around 45-50℃ before dispensing it to the Petri dish.

Answer 36

Water bath

Question 36

d is important in that it does not affect the glass surface; do not corrode metals, able to sterilize powders, oil and other viscous substances without getting moist or evaporated.

Answer 36

Dry heat method

Question 36

(used to fix the smears like in M. tuberculosis and to reduce air contamination at mouth of broth tube during sub culture, or sterilize inoculating loops).

Answer 36

flaming

Question 37

uses a very high temperature (160-180℃) for one hour.

Answer 37

Hot air oven

Question 38

: Heat to redness in

Answer 38

Wire loop:

Question 39

Culture media and solutions: Autoclave/pressure cooker

Question 40

 Glass spreaders and metal forceps: Flaming in alcohol (70 % IDA).

Question 41

are normally safe for application to living tissue such as the human skin and throat. Antiseptics normally are more bacteriostatic in that they prevent bacterial multiplication, but do not kill the organism.

Answer 41

Antiseptics

Question 42

considered germicidal or bacteriocidal. Germicides are chemicals that are usually lethal to bacteria and are meant to be used on non-living areas such as floors, work benches, etc

Answer 42

Disinfectants

Question 42

The most commonly used disinfectants are 0.25% chlorine (as Sodium hypochlorate I) and 70% ethanol, aldehides or methylated spirit. Ethylene oxide is gaseous disinfectant.

Question 43

Alcohol EX: Ethano Isopropanol ACTION Denature proteins, Dissolves lipids, Dehydrate molecules EFFECTIVENESS Vegetative cells killed, not endospores APPLICATION Disinfect instruments, clean skin

Question 44

Alkylating agents Formaldehyde Glutaraldehyde Inactivate proteins,nucleic acids Vegetative cells killed, including endospores Embalming and vaccinations Antiseptic (Cidex)

Question 45

Halogens Iodine Chlorine Inactivates protein Oxidizing agent Vegetative cells and some endospores killed Vegetative cells and endospores Antiseptic, surgical preparation (Betadine) Disinfectant for water, dairies, restaurants

Question 46

Phenolics Cresols Hexachlorophene Denatures proteins, alters membranes Vegetative cells killed, not endospores Preservatives Antiseptic

Question 47

Quaternary Ammonium compound Zephiran, detergents Denatures proteins, altersmembranes Most vegetative cells killed, does not kill: M. tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, endospores or unenveloped viruses Sanitation of labs, industrial

Question 48

WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF MOIST HEAT STERILIZATION

Answer 48

used of moist heat sterilization is to destroy microorganism by the irreversible denature of enzymes , to quickly kill organism

Question 49

DRY HEAT STERILIZATION

Answer 49

is conduction of heat, usually blown hot air to eliminate or deactive all form of life inside industrial oven.