Lesson 11 - Learning to Become a Better Student

Question 1

Three forms of Environment

Answer 1

1. Physical environment
2. Social environment
3. Cultural Environment

Question 2

affects all areas of our health and safety conditions

Answer 2

Physical environment

Question 3

includes our family and other people we come into contact with daily

Answer 3

Social environment

Question 4

includes the language used during family interaction, the food we eat, the customs and traditions of the place we come from, or the religious group we belong

Answer 4

Cultural Environment

Question 5

Is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience

Answer 5

Learning

Question 6

Stated that learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience

Answer 6

Feldman, 2013

Question 7

presented the three main types of learning

They assert that more than one type of learning can operate simultaneously in the same situation.

Answer 7

Cacioppo & Freberg

Question 8

3 Types of Learning

Answer 8

A. Associative Learning
B. Non-associative Learning
C. Observational Learning

Question 9

occurs when we make a connection or an association between two events

Answer 9

Associative Learning

Question 10

process of learning the associations

Answer 10

Conditioning

Question 11

Two forms of associative learning

Answer 11

1. classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning

Question 12

A famous research done by Ivan Pavlov

Answer 12

Classical Conditioning

Question 13

researched classical conditioning

Answer 13

Ivan Pavlov

Question 14

It is forming associations between pairs of stimuli that occur sequentially in time

Answer 14

Classical Conditioning

Question 15

refers to something that must be learned

Answer 15

Conditioned

Question 16

refers to factors that are reflexive or that occur without any learning

Answer 16

Unconditioned

Question 17

refers to an environmental event whose significance is learned

Answer 17

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 18

has innate, built-in meaning to the organism

Answer 18

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 19

are learned reactions

Answer 19

conditioned responses (CRs)

Question 20

don’t need to be learned; they appear without prior experience with a stimulus

Answer 20

unconditioned responses

Question 20

don’t need to be learned; they appear without prior experience with a stimulus

Answer 20

unconditioned responses

Question 21

The definition of learning requires ___, so the appearance of ___ tells us that learning has occurred

Answer 21

behavior to change

conditioned responses

Question 22

Examples of conditioned responses

Answer 22

• avoidance of dentist that we associate with pain
• feeling dizzy or nauseated when seeing a BUS which entails long travel

Question 23

Classical conditioning also explains emotional responses, such as

Answer 23

• fears of cockroaches, mice, spiders and other creatures that are typically harmless
• student associate presentation to the large audience with negative emotions and anxiety which hinder performance
• smell of certain perfume brings happy emotions

Question 24

It is forming associations between behaviors and their consequences. Increasing behaviors that isfollowed with rewards

Answer 24

Operant Conditioning

Question 25

Different from Classical Conditioning; original behaviours are natural, biological responses to the presence of a stimulus such as food, water, or pain

Answer 25

Operant Conditioning

Question 26

Voluntary responses, which an organism performs deliberately to produce a desirable outcome

Answer 26

Operant Conditioning

Question 27

is a process by which a stimulus increases the probability of a preceding behavior to be repeated

Answer 27

Reinforcement

Question 28

is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

Answer 28

reinforcer

Question 29

refers to a stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again

Answer 29

Punishment

Question 30

A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response

Answer 30

Positive Reinforcer

Question 31

Refers to an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future

Answer 31

Negative Reinforcer

Question 32

Weakens a response through the application of unpleasant stimulus

Answer 32

Positive Punishment

Question 33

It consists of the removal of something pleasant

Answer 33

Negative Punishment

Question 34

Involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a single stimulus rather than the formation of connections between stimuli

Answer 34

Non-Associative Learning

Question 35

two types of non-associative learning

Answer 35

1. Habituation 2. Sensitization

Question 36

Reduces our reactions to repeated experiences that have already been evaluated and found to be unchanging and harmless.

Answer 36

Habituation

Question 37

Increases our reactions to a wide range of stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus

Answer 37

Sensitization

Question 38

Is also called imitation or modeling

Answer 38

Observational Learning

Question 39

It is a learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior

Answer 39

Observational Learning

Question 40

Four main processes of observational learning

Answer 40

attention retention motor reproduction reinforcement

Question 41

is needed to reproduce the model’s actions

Answer 41

attention

Question 42

To attend to what the model is saying or doing

Answer 42

attention

Question 43

Characteristics of the model can influence ___

Answer 43

attention

Question 44

Is done by encoding the information and keeping it in memory so that you can retrieve it

Answer 44

Retention

Question 45

It is the process of imitating the model’s actions

Answer 45

Motor Reproduction

Question 46

It is observing whether the model’s behavior is followed by a consequence

Answer 46

Reinforcement

Question 47

Is commonly defined as “thinking about thinking”

Answer 47

Metacognition

Question 48

awareness and understanding of one’s thinking and cognitive processes

Answer 48

Metacognition

Question 49

It helps individual better manage cognitive skills which lead to identification on one's weaknesses which can be corrected thus constructing new cognitive skills

Answer 49

Metacognition

Question 50

Uses of metacognition

Answer 50

- Helps students plan, monitor, and modify their mathematical problem-solving - helps promotes autonomy and resiliency

Question 51

Metacognitive Strategies

Answer 51

Self-instruction Self-monitoring

Question 52

Talking one’s self through a task or activity (also known as self-talk)

Answer 52

Self-instruction

Question 53

“Did I understand what I just read? No, I didn’t. I need to reread the problem.”∙ “What is this problem asking? What information do I have?”∙“ What is the next step?”

Answer 53

Self-instruction

Question 54

Checking one’s performance; often involves a checklist

Answer 54

Self-monitoring

Question 55

Checking to make sure all steps are completed∙ Checking for computational errors∙ Checking to make sure the answer is feasible

Answer 55

Self-monitoring

Question 56

Why Set Goals?

Answer 56

The first step of successful goal achievement is goal setting.

Question 57

The theory explains that people can have different mindsets towards different aspects of their lives, like intelligence and learning.

Answer 57

Mindset Theory

Question 58

Pioneered the mindset theory

Answer 58

Carol Dweck

Question 59

Types of Mindset

Answer 59

Fixed Mindset Growth Mindset

Question 60

Those who attribute their successes on innate ability hold a “fixed" theory of intelligence

Answer 60

Fixed Mindset

Question 61

Majority of people who are ___ do not set another goal after a setback because they are easily discouraged. They also see feedback as criticisms rather than an opportunity for self-growth, and they easily give up.

Answer 61

fixed mindset

Question 62

Those who attribute their accomplishments on learning, effort, training, and practice, hold a “growth" theory of intelligence

Answer 62

Growth Mindset

Question 63

Majority of individuals who possess a ___ strive harder despite of challenges, and see feedback constructively to better improve next time

Answer 63

growth mindset

Question 64

It states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance.

Answer 64

Goal Setting Theory

Question 65

Specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance

Answer 65

Goal Setting Theory

Question 66

pioneered the goal setting theory

Answer 66

Edwin Locke

Question 67

5 Effective Goal Setting Principles

Answer 67

1. Clarity 2. Challenge 3. Commitment 4. Feedback 5. Task complexity

Question 68

5 Effective Goal Setting Principles

Answer 68

1. Clarity 2. Challenge 3. Commitment 4. Feedback 5. Task complexity

Question 69

a clear, measurable goal is more achievable than one that is poorly defined. When the goal is clear, you will know what you are trying to achieve.

Answer 69

Clarity

Question 70

The more challenging the goals are, the more people become motivated. However, it is important to consider a careful balance to ensure the right degree of challenge

Answer 70

Challenge

Question 71

This means putting deliberate effort into attaining the goal you set

Answer 71

Commitment

Question 72

Other than setting a goal, it is also good to listen to feedback on how you are progressing towards the attainment of your goal.

Answer 72

Feedback

Question 73

The more you set challenging goals, the more complex the process will become. If the goal becomes complex, it is helpful to break down larger tasks into smaller, more attainable steps, so as not to become overwhelmed as you go along the way

Answer 73

Task complexity

Question 74

SMART GOAL

Answer 74

Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time-bound

Question 75

I have to increase my scores during examination to increase my overall average to qualify for an academic scholarship.

Answer 75

Specific

Question 76

My scores during minor and major examinations have to reach 95% of the total score per exam.

Answer 76

Measurable

Question 77

I will ask my classmates who do well in Chemistry and Physics to teach me on the topics that I don’t clearly understand.

Answer 77

Achievable

Question 78

I will reduce the financial requirements every semester. Better grades will also open more opportunities for me.

Answer 78

Relevant

Question 79

I have four days to prepare for the quiz in Chemistry and five days to prepare for Physics; four weeks to prepare for the midterm so I have plenty of time to do personal study, and meet my classmates and teachers to help me with my weak points in these courses.

Answer 79

Time-bound

Question 80

Goal Setting Tips:

Answer 80

Write Down your Goals Stick With your Goals